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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metazoans |
multicellular, mitochondrial eukaryotes |
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gnathostomes vs agnathans |
jawed vs jawless |
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what are some of the studies that greatly influenced the field of immunology |
concept of phagocytosis in recognition of self vs nonself identification of separate lineages of lymphocytes, cellular (T cells) and humoral (B cells) etc |
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what are some of the studies that greatly influenced the field of immunology |
discovery of gene conversion in antibody diversification concept of toll like receptors as mediators of innate immunity (drosophila |
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why study immune evolution |
life on earth started 3.5 billion yrs ago, multicellular organisms began |
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Pasteur immunology experiment |
he injected stuff into starfish larvae and noticed that the cells had something that ate or phagocytosed them --> he came up with the idea of phagocytic cells |
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what did Pasteur share 1908 Nobel prize in immunology for? and with? |
Phagocytic cells in aquatic life and with Elie Metchinkoff Idea of cellular immunity by inflammatory cells. hypothesized phagocytosis was a primary mechanism of host defense Challened current opinion that white blood cells aided bacteria and that ab were the only source of human immunity |
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general info related to Pasteur |
showed bacteria was taken up in the absense of antibody |
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Nobel prize Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffman 2011 (1/2) |
for their discoveries concerning the activation of the innate immunity |
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NObel prize Ralph Stieinman 2011 (1/2) |
for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity |
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Jules Hoffmann |
identified drosophila Toll genes as sensors of innate immunity in insects |
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Bruce Beutler |
Identified TNF-a and its role in inflammation Developed TNF based immunotherapy for autoimmune disease Identified mammalian homologs of Toll genes Sig contributions to TLR role in pathogen sensing |
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what are the factors effecting immune evolution |
* selective pressures, environment * emergence/evolution of pathogens * fitness due to selective advantage * Increasingsize/complexity of genome * LIfespan * Assumptions regarding host/pathogen evolution |
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What is the M. tb evolution example? (under assumption regarding host/pathogen evolution) |
ESAT 6: immunogenic and inflammatory Inflammation needed to break down lung and be coughed out |
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which kind of immunity predominates |
innate immunity. adaptive is a recent finding in long lived species. however there is more evidence now for adaptive immune mechanisms in less complex hose defense systems |
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why is the vector immune system important? |
bc the pathogen has already been exposed to this immune system and shaped by it |
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most ancient immune defense mechanism in plants and animals |
antimicrobial peptides |
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innate immunity inclusions |
antimicrobial peptides, TLR, TNF receptor pathway, Complement, phagocytosis |
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most primitive pathogen recognition system? |
TLR; includes downstream defense mechanismsm like defensins |
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across what organisms are immune blood cells conserved? |
vertebrates, non-vertebrates, molluscs, insects, sponges. includes hematopoetic stem cells, phagocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemoglobin carrier |
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how do drosophila differentiate pathogens? |
drosophila toll recognize intermediate called spazzle. This is indirect, not direct like ours |
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random |
fate bodies are an immune organ |
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what are the ancient host defense systems |
Pathogen pattern recongition receptors (1st danger signal system) Antimicrobial peptides (one of the 1st mechs of defense |
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which complement pathway is most primordial |
alternative pathway - activated by pathogen surfaces |
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how does the alternative pathway get to C3 converatase |
Through mediators C3 --> B -->D |
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most advanced complement pathway |
Classical pathway - recognizes antigen-antibody complexes |
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how does the classical pathway get to C3 converatase |
C1q, C1r, C1s --> C4 --> C2 |
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what is the other complement pathway |
MB- Lectin pathway - mannose-binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surfaces |
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need to know |
VDJ, complement, conserved TNFR and innate pathways, somatic rearrangement |
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what processes are conserved Toll |
Direct pathogen product recognition in TLRs and indirect pathogen recognition via cytokine like proteins in Toll receptors. ** conserved signaling homologues activate new gene transcription through NFkB or NFkB homologue |
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multiple tasks of the complement system |
1. recognition and activation 2. amplification and opsonization 3. Effecctor functions |
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general info |
*phagocytic b cells were found in fish *secrete IgM, looks like B cell, but phagocytic * even phagocytosed opsonized particles |
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what did the boots, screen and bucket scientists find |
they identified hypervariable region loops that looked a lot like t cell receptors |
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convergent evolution |
Organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches |
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divergent evolution |
Accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics |
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examples of evolution of adaptive immunity |
aB TCR+T cells and yD TCR+ T cells present in cartilaginous fish MCH I and II in cartilaginous fish; peptide binding regions conserved - janeway proposes transposon insertion ofccurred in precurser ligand that recognized MHC molecules |
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how did somatic gene re-arrangement evolve |
thought to be an accident (explore this more) |
