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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Can altruism/cooperativity develop in non-kin? |
Yes! The prisoner's dilemma |
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Tit for tat |
An Evolutionarily Stable Strategy that resists "mutant" behaviors, resists mutation |
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"Nash Equilibrium" |
In one round of prisoners dilemma, no player benefits by a change of strategy (from defection to cooperation) |
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If Prisoners Dilemma is repeated... |
Strategies are fluid, reciprocal altruistic behaviors can emerge |
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Crows Mobbing an Owl |
Reciprocal Altruism: Sometimes crows that are not closely related will work together to scare off the owl. There is a chance for harm if the owl decides to attach. |
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Natural selection favors an altruistic behavior if... |
it is reciprocated |
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Prerequisites for the development of reciprocal altruism: |
-Stable groups of interaction -Multiple opportunities for altruistic behavior -Organism must have the ability to remember -Altruists must be receiving and giving the same benefits |
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Sexual conflict |
Proteins found in drosophila sperm |
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Sib-sib conflict |
When the oldest hatchling pushes its sibling eggs out of the nest |
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Parent-offspring conflict |
Mother monkey tries to wean her children as quickly as possible, so she can have more litters and increase her fitness. Baby monkey tries to nurse as long as possible, to increase its fitness via an easy food source. |
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Cost of signaling |
Widowbird males need long tails to attract a mate. Higher quality males have a lower cost when producing a long tail. Lower quality males (less healthy) have a much higher cost to produce a long tail. |
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Honest vs Dishonest Signaling |
Can lead to the extinction of lineages. House sparrows signal fighting ability with black throat badges (bigger badge = better fighter). Some birds with low fighting abilities end up with a large badge. Eventually, the badge could lose its meaning, except there are tests of this badge (fights) and the lier is discovered and shunned. |
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Dictyostelium discoideium |
Slime mold that shows altruism via stock and capsule formation |
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JBS Haldane |
"Would you lay down your life for a brother?" "No, but I would for two brothers or eight cousins." |
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Cooperative Social Interactions |
Recipient and Actor benefits |
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Selfish Social Interactions |
Actor benefits and Recipient is harmed |
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Altruistic Social Interactions |
Actor is harmed and Recipient benefits |
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Spiteful Social Interactions |
Actor and Recipient are harmed |
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Direct Fitness |
The product of reproduction by an individual |
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Indirect Fitness |
Additional reproduction by relatives that is enhanced by the behavior or activity of an individual |
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Kin Selection |
Natural selection that favors an allele that enhances indirect fitness |
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Coefficient of Relatedness |
"r" is the probability that homolog alleles in two individuals are identical by descent |
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Hamilton's Rule |
If (benefit to recipient)(r) - (cost to actor) > zero, then an allele for altruism will spread Br - C > 0 |
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When we combine Indirect Fitness with Kin Selection, we get... |
Inclusive Fitness |
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Ground Squirrels and Altruism |
Females call the alarm more when there are close relatives. There is a risk of harm to the alarm caller because she has drawn attention to herself. |
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Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs |
Both sexes give the alarm call more often when kin are near |
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Bee-eaters |
Sometimes a third bird helps raise the nestlings. These helpers are almost always related juveniles (sexually mature, but still young, may learn how to be a parent) |
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Indirect Kin Recognition |
Cued to the timing or location of interaction |
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Direct Kim Recognition |
Cued to specific stimuli such as chemical or vocal responses |
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MHC and Communal Nursing in House Mice |
Mothers will not nurse any baby, they will only nurse kin. They get olfactory signals from the baby's MHC type. |
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Bill Hamilton |
"Greenbeard" alleles |
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"Greenbeard" alleles... |
-elicit a phenotype -provides for its own detection among its bearers -confers the altruistic behavior |
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Eusociality |
Produced when natural selection acts on a group. Group selection |
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Characteristics of Eusociality |
-Overlap in generations -Cooperative care of young -Castes of non-reproductive individuals |
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There seems to be a correlation between eusociality and what two things? |
-Polyandry -Complex nest development |
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Richard Alexander |
Predicted a eusocial mammal, which turned out to be the naked mole rats |
