Evolution Exam 1 Cards 1

Front 1

What is genetics a product of?

Back 1

Evolution

Front 2

Micro evolution

Back 2

within species evolution. Changes in allele frequencies

Front 3

Macro evolution

Back 3

phenotypica changes over really long periods of time

Front 4

Hypothesis

Back 4

tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested for further investigation

Front 5

Theory

Back 5

interconnected statements based on reasoning and evidence that explain a variety of observations and phenomena.

Front 6

Did whales evolve from land dwelling ancestor?

Back 6

Yes

Front 7

There is a wolf-like animal that was possibly the ancestor to whales. What part was this based on?

Back 7

Bulla (Bone in middle ear) had bone called involucrum which is only today present in whales.

Front 8

Transitional form

Back 8

species exhibit traits shared by groups, especially when groups are differentiated

Front 9

Other than whales, what other animals shared an involucrum?

Back 9

Pakicetus, ambulocetus

Front 10

Why is the O18 isotope important?

Back 10

It is more common in sea water than freshwater. By finding the ratio of O18 to O16, you can see if an animal lived is fresh or sea water

Front 11

First drug of HIV?

Back 11

Azidothymindine, orAZT. It was ineffective after 5 months and after 2 years wasn’t effective

Front 12

How did AZT provide natural selection for HIV?

Back 12

It killed off only the strains of HIV which were sensitive to AZT. What survived continued to replicate.

Front 13

Basics of HIV virus?

Back 13

2 copies of RNA, 3 enzymes. Pain in the ass to treat

Front 14

C868T

Back 14

Mutation which makes you MORE likely to contract HIV

Front 15

CD4-Delta2

Back 15

Mutation which provides HIV resistance

Front 16

How was the drug cocktail discovered as a treatment option for HIV?

Back 16

Someone was sick and they took him off of his medicine. Then after time, he went back on and the virus was susceptible to the orig drug again

Front 17

What do evo biologists study?

Back 17

Pattern v process, phylogeny vs telling a story, proximate (how do you do physiology) vs ultimate causation (why migrate)

Front 18

Frequency dept selection

Back 18

when an idividual’s fitness depends on the freq of it’s phenotype in the population; typically occurring when a phenotype has a higher fitness when it is rare and lower fitness when it is common.

Front 19

Teleology

Back 19

the doctrine of final causes, i.e. that nat and historical processes are determined by their ultimate purpose. EVO DOESN’T WORK THIS WAY

Front 20

Catastrophism

Back 20

Today’s geological formations resulted from a catastrophic event in the past on a scale never observed today (Noah’s Arc)

Front 21

Uniformitarianism

Back 21

geological processes taking place now worked similarly in the past

Front 22

Who is the father of geology and why?

Back 22

Hutton. He suggested uniformitarianism

Front 23

Who did Lyell follow?

Back 23

Hutton

Front 24

Who did Darwin follow?

Back 24

Lyell

Front 25

Relative dating

Back 25

Techniques for assigning relative ages to rock strata based on the relationships between newer and older rocks.

Front 26

What was used to create the geologic time table

Back 26

relative dating

Front 27

What were the 4 rules of relative dating

Back 27

young rocks piled on old rocks, boulder and cobble were older than host, lava and sediment were horizontal and if it isn’t then something changed it to make it like that, certain fossils characterized certain rock types

Front 28

Fossilization theory of the 1800s

Back 28

supernatural forces killed off an animal, but they were still alive somewhere (Jefferson thought the new world had dinosaurs)

Front 29

What does fossilization require?

Back 29

Special circumstances.

Front 30

What did plato teach?

Back 30

Essentialism

Front 31

What is the theory of essentialism?

Back 31

Natural kinds can be defined in terms of props that are possessed by all and only members of that kind

Front 32

What are the 3 things Aristotle preached?

Back 32

Species are fixed and eternal. Essentialism. The great chain of being (Ladder thinking)

Front 33

What is the Christian twist on the great chain of being?

Back 33

God made life, life is non changing, humans are the link between angels and animals

Front 34

Is linnaen taxonomy hierarchial or linear?

Back 34

HIERARCHIAL

Front 35

What did Linnaeus do?

Back 35

Binomial nomenclature.

Front 36

What is the binomial nomenclature?

Back 36

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Hint 36

Kinky people come over for group sex

Front 37

Taxon

Back 37

any taxonomic unit

Front 38

Higher Taxa

Back 38

those above species level

Front 39

Taxonomy

Back 39

naming describing and classifying species. Done by specialist.

Front 40

Systematics

Back 40

How species are related to one another. Not done by specialists.

Front 41

Who was Lamark

Back 41

Proposed evolution

Front 42

How was lamark wrong?

Back 42

No extinction, gradualism, non branching, many origins of life, inheritance of acquired characters

Front 43

Inheritance of acquired characters

Back 43

giraffes stretching out necks over time for food

Front 44

Who was Darwin

Back 44

developed idea of natural selection, wrote the origin of species. PROPOSED DESCENT WITH MODDIFICATION.

Front 45

Anagenesis

Back 45

the part of the branch which denotates a shared common ancestor

Front 46

Cladogenesis

Back 46

the part of the branch which is the node.

Front 47

Who came up with phylogeny and ecology

Back 47

Ernst Haeckel

Front 48

Methods for tree categorization

Back 48

Numerical taxonomy, phylogenetic systematics, cladistics, statistically oriented molecular evolutionists

Front 49

Phenetics

Back 49

fucos on similarity for basis for classification

Front 50

Numerical taxonomy

Back 50

Basically, give up. Phylogeny is unknowable. Group by similarity and focus on statistical methods of classification.

Front 51

Phylogenic systematics

Back 51

Phylogeny is the central organizing principle of systematics. Phylogenies can be accurately constructed from comparisons of extant taxa, classification should be based directly on phylogenies.

Front 52

Cladistics

Back 52

same thing as phylogenetic systematics. Phylogeny is the central organizing principle of systematics. Phylogenies can be accurately constructed from comparisons of extant taxa, classification should be based directly on phylogenies.

Front 53

Father of phylogenetic systematics

Back 53

henning

Front 54

Parents of numerical taxonomy

Back 54

sokal and sneath

Front 55

What do cladists now often refer to?

Back 55

Those opposed to statistical approaches. It’s kind of crap.

Front 56

Phylogeny

Back 56

diagram depicting evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Often presented in a form that is hierarchial and looks something like a tree.

Front 57

Clade

Back 57

Start at a node. Everything. Everything past that node is in a clade. So if you look at ophistocanths, it will cover fungi through animals.

Front 58

Is a whale more closely related to the common ancestor between camels and all other mammals, or hippos?

Back 58

Hippo!

Front 59

Define phylogenetic tree

Back 59

interbreeding across generations through a population through time creating a population through time, connected to all of the populations within a species through time. The species can persist, go extinct, or split into two lineages.

Front 60

Node

Back 60

most recent common ancestor

Front 61

Tip

Back 61

formally named group or organisms. Same as taxon or taxa

Front 62

Internode

Back 62

the branch/points between nodes.

Front 63

Monophyletic group

Back 63

a clade

Front 64

Paraphyletic group

Back 64

ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

Hint 64

(grouping reptilian without aves)

Front 65

Polyphyletic group

Back 65

a group that is not united by a common ancestor that is a member of that taxon. THESE ARE NOT CLADES. It would be like grouping together aves with mamalia. THIS IS NOT CORRECT however, it’s a grouping Methodism

Front 66

Problems with paraphyly

Back 66

classifications of higher taxa should be based on common descent. It misleads relationships.

Front 67

Where do you see paraphyly in Herpetology

Back 67

You are looking at the study of amphibians and reptiles and FORGET TO INCLUDE A LITTLE CHIRP

Front 68

Autapomorphy

Back 68

derived character found in only one taxon in a tree. Doesn’t provide evidence for relationships

Front 69

Synapomorphy

Back 69

shared, derived character. Provides evidence of common descent

Front 70

Synaplesiomorphy

Back 70

shared ancestral character. A cause of phenotypic similarity but doesn’t provide evidence of common descent. NOT EVIDENCE OF RELATEDNESS

Front 71

Are scales a synapomorphy or symplesiomorphy of Reptilia?

Back 71

Synap.

Front 72

Does the presence of scales imply that crocs and lizards are most closely related to one another?

Back 72

No. This is a symplesiomorphy

Front 73

Convergent evolution

Back 73

a similarity between species is caused by similar but evolutionarily independent response to a common set of selection pressures

Front 74

Homology

Back 74

similar traits among different species (think of bones in arm/hand)

Front 75

Homoplasy

Back 75

similarity in the characters found in different species that is due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal, but NOT common descent. So you’re similar to eachother, but not closely related.

Front 76

Reversal

Back 76

re-evolving ancestral state from a derived state

Front 77

What is the most parsimonious explanation for the evolution of a camera-like eye?

Back 77

Convergent evolution

Front 78

. How would this change if eyes were a homologous trait and not parsimonious?

Back 78

Front 79

Parallelism

Back 79

evolution of the same character trait in closely related taxa. The same developmental pathway is often employed.

Front 80

3 causes of homoplasy

Back 80

reversal, convergent evolution, parallelism

Front 81

3 kinds of similarities

Back 81

symplesiomorphies (shared, primitive), synapomorphies (shared, derived), homoplasy (FALSE homology)

Front 82

Of the three kinds of similarities, which provides evidence of common ancestry?

Back 82

Synapomorphies.