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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reassortment |
virus ability to swap genes
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phylogeny |
visual representation of evolutionary history of populations/genes/species |
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homology |
similar characteristics between species ex. mammary glands in mammals |
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evolution |
change in inherited traits of a population |
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synapomorphy |
derived from a form of a trait shared by a group of related species (flippers, vertebral column) |
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natural selection |
mechanism that can lead to evolution |
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convergent evolution |
independent origin of similar traits in separate lineages |
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Misconception: |
commonly theory is used to describe a hunch with little evidence, so people misunderstand scientific theory. |
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Wallace |
Independently arrived at the idea of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution |
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Steno |
1638-1686 Dutch anatomist recognized fossil teeth |
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Buffon |
1707-1788 French nobleman proposed physics in Earth's formation particles and reactions |
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Hutton |
Scottish farmer rock formation, slow transformation |
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Smith |
1769-1839 British canal surveyor fossils & strata First geological map |
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
1744-1829 expert on plants and invertebrates proposed life went simple > complex primitive life generated adaptation |
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THEORY |
a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence and generates testable and falsifiable predictions "scientific framework" |
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FACT |
Some form of evidence that has been tested and confirmed so many times that there is no compelling reason to keep confirming it |
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Darwin's theories of evolution |
Evolution as such Gradualism Descent from common ancestor Descent with modification multiplication of species natural selection sexual selection |
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Non-Darwinian theories of evolution |
Genetic recombination Genetic drift |
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Scientific theory to law |
Theory can generate laws, but NOT become a law |
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Dorudon |
40MYA still had tiny hind limbs |
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Taxonomy |
the science of describing, naming, and classifying species of living or fossil organisms |
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Taxon |
A group of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be a taxonomic unit, such as a species or order |
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Lyell |
Scottish lawyer and scholar "The principles of Geology" |
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Uniformitariansim |
the idea that the natural laws observable around us now are also responsible for events in the past. Ex. Earth shaped by gradual processes like sediment deposition and erosion |
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Cuvier |
pioneering research in comparative anatomy and paleontology some of first compelling evidence for extinction |
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Analogous Traits |
similar because they have converged on a shared form. NOT common ancestor |
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Homologous traits |
similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor |
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Sexual selection |
arises when individuals of one see compete with each other over access to individuals of the other sex. Can lead to evolution of traits like showy ornaments or weapons |
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Adaptations |
Inherited aspects that allow an individual to outcompete other members of its population |
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Genetic Drift |
Change in the frequency of traits or genetic variants that arises across generations due to random events |
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Advantage Tuberculosis |
Can live without host, independent |
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Alternative hypothesis |
reduces clinging to "pet" hypothesis |
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Fossil genes (pseudogenes) |
Used to produce proteins but don't any longer |
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When natural selection is relaxed, |
mutations accumulate and genes fossilize |
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Cryptic species |
Difficult to differentiate from similar species |
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Darwinian fitness |
the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce can be measured by number of offspring, grand offspring or great-grand-offspring |
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Evolution via selection is inevitable if there is |
variation heritable variation variants reproduce better |
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Virus RNA |
8 segments |
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Virus genes |
10 |
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Virus protein that latches onto host cell proteins |
Hemagglutinin |
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Flu animals |
Humans, birds, pigs |
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Artificial selection |
results from human activity |
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gene flow |
transfer of alleles from one population to another |
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aposematism |
anti predator strategy to signal danger or lack of palatability |
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extended phenotypes |
inheritable behaviors that influence performance or success |
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genetic linkage |
physical proximity of alleles at different loci. Close alleles are less likely to be separated by recombination |
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selective sweep |
strong selection can sweep a favorable allele to fixation within a population so fast that there is little chance for recombination |
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clade |
organism and all decedents |
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monophyletic |
a group of organisms that form a clade |
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homoplasy |
similarity not due to common descent |
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evolutionary reversal |
reversion back to an ancestral characteristic |
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parsimony |
criterion for selecting among alternate patterns/explanations based on minimizing total amount of change/complexity |
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Darwin Inferences |
Fierce struggle for survival Survival is not random Natural selection leads to evolution
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