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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was origin of species published?
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1859 by Charles Darwin, sold out promptly
-Valid criticism: no mechanism of inheritance -Invalid criticism: cannot have intermediates |
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Georges Cuvier
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-first scientist to propose extinction
-Mesosaur -"Animal Kingdom" -no heresy charges |
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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-spontaneous generation
-theory of inheritance parents to offspring -"Philosophie Zoologique" -transformation (giraffe stretches it's neck and passes trait on to children) |
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Conditions for Natural Selection
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variation
heritability mortality |
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Nomenclature Levels
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kingdom
phylum class order family genus species |
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Fun Facts about evolution
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-church regards as more than hypothesis (1990s)
-it is a change in allele frequency over time -likely to occur across universe wherever life is explains many different concepts in biology -proposed by Darwin and A.R. Wallace |
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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divergent boundary with oceanic plate and an oceanic plate moving away from one another
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Light Rock
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-Japan
-lesser Antilles -Andes in S.A. |
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Heavy Rock
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-Hawaii - hot spot
-Iceland -Oregon - lava flows |
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Solar System formed....
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4.6 billion years ago
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Moon is...
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-composed from pieces of our crust and mantle
-originated from a collision of the earth and an object 10% the size of earth -formed 50 million years after our solar system -moon has similar Earth-history, 3.8/9 bya |
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Snowball Earth
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- 2.4 bya
- 750-580 bya - stopped because of plate tectonics - vulcanism occurs, ice melts, gas up - for 100 years after it was super hot, acid rain - evidenced by ice scratching on rocks at the equator and dropstones in the ocean - ice at thirty degrees latitude leads to positive feedback and everything freezes |
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Evidence for Big Bang
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- red shift of light from far away galaxies
- homogeneous distribution of galaxies - stars are also evenly dispersed - light elements H and He are 99% of universe - temperatures in deep space are just above abs 0 |
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Dating Rock
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Must date igneous or metamorphic (not sedimentary rock)
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Archean Eon
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oxygen became part of the atmosphere
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deep sea drilling project
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-discovered the ocean floor is young (>100-75 mya)
-earthquakes focused along the edge of plates - Glomar Challenger, 1960's - magnetic anomalies, earth's poles switch ionizing radiation - mirror image banding on ocean floor rock |
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dinosaurs lived...
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Mesozoic Era: triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
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Darwin on origin of life
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letter to Hooker in 1871
warm little pond - protein - complex changes |
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origin of life date
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earliest is 4.5 bya
life could not survive the impact that formed the moon moon formed 50 million years after our universe |
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Carbon is the basis of life because...
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- carbon waste is easy to excrete
- carbon is a versatile element - more abundant than silicon - good at hydrogen bonding |
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Miller Urey experiments...
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- used an energy source to stimulate the presence of lightning and intense UV radiation
- demonstrated that chemical origins of life could easily be made - tested to see if earth conditions were sufficient to create building blocks of life - able to make amino acids in the lab |
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Early life...
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- early genome was probably RNA because it can catalyze reactions and store information
- interstellar transfer is a very unlikely explanation for the origin of life - the moon used to be closer to earth and simulated an environment like PCR machine - easiest steps in life is the formation of a cell - most likely a low temperature because high temperatures tend to break molecules apart |
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Laurasia and Gondwanna
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Laurasia North
Gondwanna South Tethys Sea in between |
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Lagerstatten
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- sites that preserve a great diversity of organisms in complete detail
- Burgess Shale: Vancouver, Canada, 530 mya, boundary between micro and macroscopic life - Chengiang: Eastern China, 525 mya, Cambrian explosion -Solnhofen: 150 mya, achaeopteryx is first feathered bird, preserved in fine silt - Liaoning: 124 mya, eastern China, feathered dinosaurs, containing heat with feathers is evidence for endothermy |
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Diploblast
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cnidaria, jellyfish
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Evidence for endothermy in dinosaurs
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- fossils in polar regions
- feathers to keep in heat - birds are living dinosaurs and are warm-blooded - O2 isotopes in bones evidence blood circulation o a warm blooded animal - fermentation - herbivore gut action gave warmth |
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Poikilothermy definition
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an animal does not regular its heat and lets it vary
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Wings
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- bird - entire arm bone
- pterosaur - entire fourth digit - bat - hand with membranes |
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Afrotherian
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placental mammals
comprising 1/3 of all living placental orders all have a common ancestor in Africa |
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Cenozoic Era...
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domination of land by angiosperms
domination by ocean of ray-finned fish domination of air by birds periods of glaciation from 2.6 mya to 10,000 years ago emergence of humans during this period still in this period |
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UNGULATES
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even-toed ungulate
-artiodactyly - everything else with hooves odd-toed ungulate -perissodactly -horse, rhino, taper |
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Great American Exchange
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When the isthmus of Panama rose and resulted in the exchange or mammals between continents, with invaders to the south (from North America) largely out-competing those in South America
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Describe a new species
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-Name
-Description: everything about it - Diagnosis: why it's a different species -If you decide to recognize a new species as valid, you use the first valid name to describe it (Law of Priority) |
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How are bacteria classified?
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By what they can and cannot grow on
Gram negative versus gram positive |
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Ways to Name
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- monophyletic - all descendants of a single common ancestor (tetrapods)
- paraphyletic - taxon with some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor (reptiles) - polyphyletic - descendants have more than one common ancestor, convergent evolution |
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Tree Building?
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- Occam's Razor: least change, simplest is true
- discrete: parsimony, whole numbers - distance: neighbor-joining, fractional differences (alleles) -probability: maximum likelihood, Bayesian Inference - most trees made using heuristic |
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PCR Steps
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- denaturation
- annealing - extension |
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Macroevolution
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- rates of change in speciation
- transition from fish to tetrapods in fossil record - mammals evolve more complex teeth - transition from dinos to true bird with flight |
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Phyletic Gradualism
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example is the increase in diameter of the opening of Permian Foraminifera
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Positive Allometry
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- one trait grows quickly compared to another
- human leg growth relative to torso - skeleton mass in dinosaur |
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Pera v. Paedamorphosis
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- peramorphosis: delayed maturity while development of adulthood is extended, new stages at the end of the ancestral development sequence
- paedamorphosis: arrested development and early maturation, humans are an example for this |
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Tetrapod Diversity
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- there is no resolution: scientists are divided on this issue
- could be bounded or could be unbounded |
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Tasmanian Wolf
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-sequenced mitochondrial DNA
-clusters with Australian marsupials - extinct organisms, so DNA taken from skin |
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Mitochondrial DNA
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- haploid, prevent recombination
- inherited from mother - fast rate of evolution |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
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- infinite population size
- random mating - no selection - no mutation - no migration |
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Inbreeding
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- result in unmasking of rare recessive mutants
- extreme: heterozygotes disappear - moderate: beneficial - large amount is usually harmful - doesn't change allele frequencies - only changes genotype frequencies |
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Theory of Adaptive Landscapes
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- Sewall Wright (1932)
- large: no inbreeding, strong selection - small: extreme inbreeding, maladaptive - intermediate: mild inbreeding, small drop in fitness may help to reach higher levels of fitness |
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DNA Substitutions
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- all substitutions at the second position are non-synonymous (will change the amino acid)
- transitions are easier than transversions because of stereochemistry and the number of rings - transition: purine to purine and pyrimidine to pyrimidine - rate of synonymous substitution > rate of non-synonymous substitution |
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Molecular Clocks
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- generally show younger dates of divergence than the fossil record
- can show different slopes for genes that mutate at different times |
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Amphibians
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- sometimes breathe through their skin
- live in wet areas to avoid dessication - 3 amphibian groups 1. Apodans (Caecilians) 2. Urodeles (salamanders, newts) 3. Anurans (frogs, toads) - lizards are not amphibians |
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Permian Triassic Boundary
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- 251 million years ago
- asteroid impact off of coast of Australia - methane gas bubbles from the ocean floor - Siberian Traps: long period of magnified up-welling and vulcanism - a combination of Siberian Traps and asteroid impact |
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Reptiles
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- amniotic egg
- keratin scales - tuatara is an example of a reptile - arose 310 million years ago |
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Mesozoic Era
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- 251 - 66 million years ago
- dinosaurs - domination of gymnosperms - first bird fossils - first mammal fossils |
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Adaptation
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Can be a noun or a verb
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Adaptations
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- biotic: adaptation to another organism
- abiotic: adaptation to an abiotic factor |
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Fins on Fish
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- dorsal fin - stability
- pectoral fin - steering - tail fin - propulsion |
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Mimicry
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- Mullerian: many look the same so it's easy for a predator to remember and there are fewer mistakes
- Batesian: one model and one mimic |
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Pre-Mating Isolation Mechanism
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- mechanical
- seasonal - behavioral - isolation by habitat |
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Human Sociobiology
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- E. O. Wilson was a proponent
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Speciation
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Allopatric: different geographic areas, common method of speciation
Sympatric: same areas Parapatric: same area bordering each other (toxic waste flowers bloom at different times) Incipient: diverging to the point of speciation but still have the capacity to interbreed |
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Hybrid Incompatibility Model
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- speciation needs multiple genes and epistasis between them
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Acacia-Ant relationship
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- year round leaves
- foliar nectaries - leaflet tips called Beltian bodies - swollen thorns for the queen to lay her eggs |
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Wallace's Line
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- occurs between two islands that are close
- between Bali and Lombok |
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Vicariance
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- carnivorous dinosaurs
- lungfish speciation is a good example - when two things are separated by some geographic boundary (canyon arises between two species of ants) and they are separated to the point of speciation - continents drifting apart which caused dinosaurs occupying these continents to also split |
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Dispersers
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- desiccation resistant
- found among plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria - able to travel by wind and/or water - often small and light |
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Flotsam and Jetsam
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- flotsam is by water
- jetsam is by air |
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Biogeographic Realms
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- Nearctic
- Neotropical - Australasian - Palearctic - Ethiopian - Oriental |
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Adibiatic Rate
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the rate at which air changes its temperature as it rises
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Coriolis Effect
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does not exist at the Equator
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Refugia
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- when something happens environmentally that makes one area of the world the only place for certain types of diversity
- changes in fossil pollen distribution is evidence for the presence of refugia |
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Island Biogeography Theory
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larger islands should have more species than smaller islands
S = CA ^ 2 |
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Beta Diversity
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the diversity between points within a given region
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Salamander Speciation
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- northeastern populations in the united states has much more genetic similarity than populations in the south eastern united states because there was dispersal into the northern areas after the Pleistocene glaciers retreated
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Gibbons
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- extremely vocal
- superfamily Hominoidea, family hylobate - no tail |
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Hominin-Chimpanzee Split?
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6 million years ago
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Human Emergence Paleo-Environment
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dry, little rain, less trees, why we walk upright
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Homo erectus
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left the African continent
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Homo floresiensis
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- Flores Island
- one meter tall - some researchers believe they are just skeletons of Homo erectus with stunted growth - hunted pygmy elephants |
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Neandertals
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-Probably interacted with humans in Europe
-Named for Neander Valley in Germany -Presence of ocipital bun: bulge of occipital bone at the back of the skull |
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Homo sapiens
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- reached Australia between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago
- placement of the foramen magnum indicates upright posture, as does hips, knee bones, forward facing five toes of the foot, and double-curved spine |
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Denisovan hominin
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found finger
cave in Siberia now a tourist attraction |
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Slash and Burn Technique
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- virgin forest cut
- burn dead vegetation - plant crops, soil rapidly degrades (overuse) - area abandoned in several years |
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Charcoal Production
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- put wood in pit
- ignite wood - cover pit with rocks to keep the fire low - remove rocks and collect coal |
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Mars
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- underwent period of heavy bombardment between 4.6 and 3 billion years ago
- 10% of earths mass - 24 Earth hour rotation - water beneath the surface and on the poles |
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Life on meteorite ALH84001
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- evidence of life from magnetite crystals
- CRITICISM * organic molecules could be produced abiotically *microfossil structures smaller than any known organisms on Earth *magnetite crystals can be produced abiotically * microfossil-like structures would only be large enough to hold a few RNA molecules |
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Mars Exploration
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- MER rover series was originally designed to last less than a year but is still there
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Europa
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- Jupiter moon with ice
- has a thin atmosphere that contains some oxygen - heat from accretion |
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Titan
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- Saturns moon
- stable surface liquid (methane oceans) - only non-Earth object with stable surface liquid |
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Closest relative to primates
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- Dermoptera (flying lemurs)
- Scandentia (tree shrews) |
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Doppler Spectroscopy
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- detects the wobble of the star that the planet is orbiting
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Interferometry
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- nulls starlight glow to detect planet glow
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Suborder Platyrhinni
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3 premolars
prehensile tail new world monkeys marmosets tamarins |
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Suborder Catarrhini
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2 premolars
no prehensile tail |
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Suborder Catarrhini - super family Hominoidea
Hylobates |
Gibbons
lesser apes brachiators old world no tail vocal |
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Suborder Catarrhini - super family Hominoidea
Pongo |
orangutans
borneo and sumatra 400,000 year split |
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Suborder Catarrhini - super family Hominoidea
Gorilla |
Gorilla gorilla: western gorilla
Gorilla beringei: eastern gorilla |
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Suborder Catarrhini - super family Hominoidea
Pan |
Chimpanzee
Pan troglodytes: common chimp Pan paniscus: bonobo, sex! |
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Suborder Catarrhini - super family Hominoidea
Homo |
Humans xoxo Gossip Girl
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Superfamily Hominoidea
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includes all humans and apes
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Order of Primates
Suborder Strepsirhini |
lemurs
aye-ayes galagos lorises |
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Order of Primates
Suborder Tarsii |
Tarsier
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Primate characteristics
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- large cerebral hemispheres
- first digits opposable (grasping and climbing) - Opposable first toe - reduce olfaction, increased vision, flatter face - arboreal (meaning that they climb trees) - one young per birth |
