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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution definition
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Heritable traits and the process by which populations adapt to their environment over time. NOT the origin of life
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Alleles definition
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Alternative forms of the same gene
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Taxonomy - definition
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morphological relationships betweek organisms
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Fitness - definition
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Fitness is how well an organism works in its environment and is a changeable feature depending on the environment on population surrounding it.
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Carl Von Linne (1708-1778) said an important phrase about evolution
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individuals do not evolve, populations do.
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Automorphies - definition
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Essential (distinguishing) features
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Synamorphies - definition
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Can be separated from accidental (general) ones.
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Species is ... (by Carl Von Linneaus)
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grouping of essences (automorphies) - created by Carl Von Linneaus
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2 INGREDIENTS NEEDED FOR EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
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Time
Change |
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HIV example of evolution
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Anti HIV 3TC is a cytosine nucleoside that reverse transcriptase uses instead of elongating gene dCTP. This stops elongation. HIV evolves to become resistant to Anti HIV 3TC, afer 3 days shows resistance and after 3 weeks 100% of HIV cells resist. BUT HIV resistant cells replicate slower, therefore fitness is dependant on the presence of 3TC.
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Peppered moths example of evolution
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Melanic variety does better with dirty air in the industrial city. Peppered variety is making a comeback as it is becoming more fit with the introduction of the clean air laws.
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Analogous similarities are...
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Created by way of life e.g wings or hydrodynamic shape.
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Homologous similarities are...
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Not explained functionally e.g 5 fingers (pentadactyl limbs).
Devonian era fish have 4-8 digited limbs. No evidence to say 5 digits was any better or worse. Although 5 limbs represent common ancestry. |
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Vestigial organs are...
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Organs that remain after evolutionairy processes e.g blind cave fish still have eye bulbs (groto salamanders), anthers and pollen of asexual plants and appendix of humans.
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Why embryonic comparison is better?
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Embryonic comparison is better because often features appear and disappear during the embryos growth.
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Who discovered the first fossils?
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Xenophanes and Herodontus observing shell fossils. They said that this was due to the fact that the sea changed position and that was why shells were in the middle of the desert
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Leanardo da vinci did...??
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interpreted shell remains.
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Paleozoic era? 6 periods
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Cambrian period - cambrian explosion
Ordovician period - First jawless fish, plants and arthropods go terrestrial and sharks evolve. Silurian Period - air breathing Devonian Period - Insects and tetrapods Carboniferous period - first reptiles Permian Period - Permian/Triassic mass exinction 96% of marine life and 70% of land life died. |
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Mezozoic era? 3 periods
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Triassic - First dinosaurs, turtles, mammals, crocs etc.
Jurassic period - largest dinosaurs evolve, first amphibians and birds also. Cretaceous period - Australia leaves antartica, ants, bees, flowering plants appear. T-Rex evolves. Cretaceous mass extinctition - no more dinosaurs. |
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What 5 periods make up the Cenozoic period (oldest first)?
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Oligocene, Mioscene, Plioscene, pleistoscene, modern day. Started with the extinction of dinosaurs. Often the cenozoic is called the age of the mammals.
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How do you date fossils?
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Radioactive halflives.
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Why are fossils inaccurate as to what the first organisms were?
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Because fossils only show the "hard" parts of an organism and not the soft bodied, and yet it is thought up to 60% of early individuals had only soft bodies.
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How do fossils form?
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The best conditions for fossils to form are anaerobic conditions underpressure. E.g the bottom of a sea or lake, or in an amber or tar pit or a beat bog. This preserved the animal and allows the rock to form around it creating a fossil.
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Stages of fossil development?
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Physical - Disarticulation, fragmentation, abrasion
Chemical - Bio erosion, corrosion and dissolution Burial - Flattening and biogenesis. |
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Types of preservation style - unaltered preservation
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Amber, permafrost, peatbog, dehydration
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Types of preservation style - Carbonisation
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Soft parts are reduced leaving carbon as coal or tar. Sometimes leafes details of internal organs e.g cycad fossils.
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Stages in coal formation?
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Oxidises carbon compunds into C02, CH4 AND NH3-
Anaerobic processes continue producting acids as waste, and at PH4 the bacteria die leaving a gel like material called Gytta. At 2000-3000 ft the temp is 100C and a thermal process called bituminization begins. This leaves coal. |
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What is Petrification
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Turning material, usually plants, into stone via infitration with water carrying mineral particles.
Because its water logged the mineral particles build up in the cells, the cell walls degrade and are replaced with minerals to become stone - Microscopic level of preservation |
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Which fossils indicate which climate? Excess O18 isotope in ice core samples?
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Indicates a warm period of the earth. More O16 and less O18 indicates a cooler period of the earth - ICE age.
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