Evolution And History Of Life

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Cyanobacteria

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group of photosynthetic bacteria that have left an especially important fossil record

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Protozoans

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animal-like protists

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Dinoflagellates

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employ two flagella for limited locomotion but are transported chiefly by movements of the water in which they drift

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Diatoms

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unicellular forms that secrete two part skeletons of opal

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Calcareous nannoplankton

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small spherical cells that secrete minute shield like plates of calcium carbonate that overlap to serve as armor against small attackers

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Foraminifera

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produce a chambered skeleton by secreting calcite or cementing grains of sand together

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Radiolarians

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closely related to forams, capture food with threadlike extensions of protoplasm that radiate from their skeletons

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tissue

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connected group of similar cells that perform a particular function or group of functions

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Ferns

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represent a more advanced level of evolution having both roots and leaves

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Spores

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tiny, durable structures that are shed by the conspicuous fern or moss plant that is familiar to us

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Gymnosperms

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plant that produces seeds that are exposed to the environment

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conifers

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cone bearing plants

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angiosperms

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flowering plants

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vertebrates

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animals with a backbone

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invertebrates

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animals without a backbone

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suspension feeders

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strain small particles of food from water

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cnidarians

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jellyfishes, corals, and their relatives

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corals

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cnidarians that have left an excellent fossil record because they have secrete skeletons of calcium carbonate

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Mollusks

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snails, clams, octopuses, and relatives; have a shell of aragonite, calcite, or a combination of these forms

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Monoplacophorans

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most primitive mollusks; have cap-shaped shells and creep about on a broad foot

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Gastropods

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snails; evolved from monoplacophorans at the beginning of the Paleozoic Era

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Cephalopods

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squids, octopuses, chambered nautiluses and their relatives; swim in the sea and feed on other animals

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Bivalves

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have a shell that is divided into two halves (valves); clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, and relatives;

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Segmented Worms

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complex worms who bodies are divided into segments

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Brachiopods

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"lamp shells" live only in ocean; employ the lopophore to pump water and sieve small food particles from it

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Bryozoans

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moss animals which form small colonies of tiny interconnected individuals by budding

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Ecdysozoans

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characterized by an external covering that they shed periodically as they grow

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Arthropods

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crabs, shrimp, lobsters, insects, spiders; jointed appendages; bodies are divided segments

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Trilobites

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extinct group of marine arthropods whose fossils are popular with the general public

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Crustaceans

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arthropods with a head formed of five fused segments behind which are a thorax and an abdomen formed of additional segments

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insects

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group of arthropods that includes most of the animal species on Earth, yet almost non lives in the ocean

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Onycophorans

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intermediate in form between segmented worms and arthropods

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Echinoderm

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fivefold radial symmetry, tube feet--> starfish

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starfishes

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flexible animals whose internal skeletal plates are not locked rigidly together

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sea urchin

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rigid skeleton is formed of interlocked plates to which numerous spines attach by ball and socket joints

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crinoids

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sea lilies that sieve food from the water with feather like arms and pass it to the centrally positioned mouth with tube feet

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Chordata

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vertebrate animals belong to this phylum; Chordates are defined by their possession of a notochord

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conodonts

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cone-teeth shaped fossils

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ray-finned fishes

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have fins that are supported by thin bones that radiate outward from the body

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Lobe-finned fishes

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have fleshy fins supported by a complex assembly of heavy bones

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Amphibians

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first four-legged vertebrates to spend their adult lives on land; laid eggs in water;

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Reptiles

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evolved from amphibians--> origin of their eggs had protective shells and could survive on dry land

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Ectothermic

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environment exerts control over their internal body temperature

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endothermic

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birds can control their body temperature internally

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mammals

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endothermic; have hair on body; live young and suckle with sweat glands to secrete milk

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Monotreme mammals

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retain primitive trait of laying eggs (echidna & platypus)

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Marsupial mammals

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live young but offspring are tiny and immature at birth and grow in a pouch on mother's abdomen

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Placental Mammals

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living mammals, humans;