Evolution And Adaptation 7Th Grade

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A change in the alleles of a species over time

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Evolution

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Structures that are no longer used in an organism, but once had a purpose

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Vestigial structures

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The structures of a human's arm, a whales flipper, and a cat's are all similar.
What are these structures called?

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Homologous structures

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A species that no longer is found on Earth is said to be what?

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Extinct

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What do all of these things have in common? DNA, protien structures, early development, body structures and fossil records

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They are all evidence of evolution

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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection He developed the Origin of Species doctrine or the Theory of Natural Selection

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Charles Darwin

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What did Darwin notice about the finches in the different Islands?

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They had different beaks that were adapted to the type of food they ate

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The short-term process of adjusting to changes in an environment such as shivering for temperature regulation or increasing red blood cell counts to acclimatize to high altitudes. Usually occurs in one lifetime

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Acclimation

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A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called an __________

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Adaptation

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How does Natural selection lead to evolution?

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helpful variations accumulate among surviving members of the species

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Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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Natural Selection

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Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation among different organisms

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Artificial selection

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differences between members of the same species are called

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variations

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What is the role of genes in evolution?

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Only traits that are controlled by genes can be acted on by natural selection

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What are fossils?

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the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past

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A change in an organisms DNA from its original coding is known as

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Mutation

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A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

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Species

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A branching tree is

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a diagram showing how scientists think different groups of organisms are related

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Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution

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Decent with Modification

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How long does it take for an organism to change

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many generations

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The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

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Fitness

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geologists have evidence that there once was one land mass called Pangea. The landform split apart into what we see today. How can this play a role in evolution?

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As drifting occured, species became separated and the environments changed. This would force the organisms to adapt or evolve to the new environment.

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When an organism creates more offspring than the environment can possibly support, this is called...

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overproduction

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Diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree

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Phylogenetic Tree

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name the process where desired characteristics are purposely chosen by humans for reproductive purposes

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selective breeding

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Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or emigration from the population

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Gene flow

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a blank helps an organism to survive changes in the environment

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adaptation

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The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations: the process in which species exert selective pressure on each other

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Coevolution

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Occurs between or among living things for resources, such as food, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc.

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Competition

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Refers to any factor that affects how a plant or animal lives or reproduces

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Environmental pressures

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Process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; when one species branches into many different species
evolution where one organism gives rise to a number of variations that are suited to different environments

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Adaptive Radiation

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The formation of new species in populations that is geographically isolated from one another. they become so different that they cannot interbreed

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Geographical speciation
(Allopatric)

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When the same species develops divergent coverings (hair, fur, skin tone) or body modifications and mechanisms to survive in different biomes

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Variation speciation from climate

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occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area, many times it simply by what they eat

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Sympatric speciation

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process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

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Convergent Evolution

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A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures: causing organisms to evolve differently (homologous structures)

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Divergent Evolution

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Body parts which are similar in origin and structure

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Homologous structures

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structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function( result from convergent evolution)

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Analogous structures

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when there are so few of a species that it is in danger of dying out or going extinct

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Endangered

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A balance; due to equal but opposite forces acting on one another creating stability and negating forces and pressures applied by all sides in all parameters of application

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Equilibrium

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Occurs when a large proportion of the earth’s species go extinct in a relatively short period of time.

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Mass Extinction

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a scientist who studies fossils to learn about organisms that lived long ago

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Paleontologist

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a scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet earth: comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change.

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Geologist

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The process by which a new species evolves from a prior species.

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Speciation

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The study of the way an animal looks

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Morphology

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looking at anatomy of organisms (homologous or analogous, divergent or convergent)

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Comparative anatomy

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Well-tested, well-supported explanation that unifies a broad range of observations an explanation that ties together many hypothesis and observations. Well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

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Theory

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a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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Hypothesis

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term describing the way of life of a species: where they live what they eat how they interact with their environment

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Niche

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Darwin's theories restated in terms of modern genetics. the modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory, according to which new variations originate in DNA mutations that provide the raw materials upon which natural selection may act to produce evolutionary change.

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Neo-Darwinism

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English economist Malthus is best known for his hugely influential theories on population growth. Species produce far more offspring than are capable of surviving and reproducing therefore there will be intense competition among individuals of the same species to survive

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Thomas Malthus