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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Evolution
Change in organisms over time
Population
Group of Species
Species
Group of organisms that can produce fertile and developed offspring
Fitness
Measured by an organisms ability to produce feasible offspring
Sexual Dimorphism
Presence of two genders each with distinct phenotypes
Name all the Prezygotic Barriers to reproduction.
Temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation and genetic isolation.
Name all the Post Zygotic barriers to reproduction.
Reduced hybrid viability and reduced hybrid fertility.
What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
Theory that there are periods of no change and then spurts of evolution.
What is Gradualism?
Theory that evolution is slow and continuous.
Who was Charles Darwin?
The father of evolution
What was the name of Darwin's most famous book and what year was it published?
The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection (1859)
What scientist wanted to publish a similar theory to evolution around the same time as Darwin?
Wallace
What was the fundamental difference between Wallace's work and Darwin's work?
Wallace only had the idea of evolution and Darwin had the scientific evidence
What was the main purpose of Darwin's the origin of species?
To provide scientific evidence that all species on earth derived from common ancestors through a process called Natural Selection.
What is Natural Selection?
Nature selects by allowing the most adapted organisms to est reproductive have the greatest reproductive success or "survival of the fittest"
Explain the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.
Populations reach an equilibrium of constant frequency of alleles when they are not evolving.
Define Microevolution.
The accumulation of small changes in a gene pool over time.
What is a gene pool?
Collection of all the alleles in a population present at a given time, (measure in terms of allele frequency).
What does "q" stand for in the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?
The recessive allele frequency.
Define Genetic Drift.
Certain allele frequencies are favored by chance.
Define gene flow.
Movement of alleles by migration of breeding individuals.
Sexual Selection can lead to what?
Sexual dimorphism.
Define the bottleneck effect.
After a disaster/hunting, a certain allele frequency becomes more prevalent by chance
Define the Founder Effect
When individuals colonize a new area and isolate themselves. They only carry the alleles that the founders possessed.
Does Natural Selection act on phenotype or genotype?
Phenotype
Name the causes of Microevolution.
Mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, natural selection, and genetic drift.
What are the two types of genetic drift?
Bottleneck effect and Founder effect.
What are the three types of Natural Selection?
Stabilizing, Directional, and disruptive.
What is Stabilizing Selection?
Occurs when the intermediate phenotype is favored.
What is disruptive selection?
When the two extreme phentoypes are favored.
What is Directional Selection?
Favoring one extreme phenotype.
Define Adaptive Radiation and cite an example.
The emergence of numerous species form one ancestral specie, that are introduced to new and diverse ecological environments, an example being Darwin's finches.
Define a mutation.
A accidental change in an organisms genetic make-up.
What is polymorphism?
When two or more different phenotypes exist with in a population.
What are homologous structures?
Same or similiar structures or body parts derived from a common ancestor.
Name four types of evidence to support evolution.
Fossil Record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular homology.
Heterozygous advantage
People with this phenotypes display better reproductive success.
Neutral variation
Variation in a heritable characteristic that diplays no effect on selection or fitness.
Darwinian Fitness
Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, in relation to other individuals.
Biological Species Concept
Population/group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed & produce fertile offspring
Morphological Species Concept
Classification based on oberservable / phenotypic features
Genological Species Concept
Defines species as a set of organisms that share a unique genetic history. Molecular data is used to determine
How old is earth?
4.6 billion years
Radioactive Decay
Unstable isotopes have a specific 1/2 life, in which they break into different smaller atoms
What was Hutton's main idea?
Gradualism
What was Lyell's main idea?
Uniformitarianism: same process that shaped the earth long ago, is the same process that shapes earth now.
What are Analogous Structures?
Structures with the same function but different structures