Evolution

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Phenotype

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The observable physical and/or biochemical characteristics of the expression of a gene; the clinical presentation of an individual with a particular genotype.

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Allele

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An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.

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Diversity

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global variety of species and ecosystems and the ecological processes of which they are part, covering three components: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

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Frequency

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The number of occurrences of a periodic or recurrent process per unit time, for example the number of vibrations of a particle per second or the number of repetitions of a complete wave form (cycles) per second.

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Homologous

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Showing a degree of similarity (e.g. in position, structure, function or characteristics) that may indicate a common origin.

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Analogous

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Corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin

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Taxonomy

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The branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.

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Archea

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microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but radically different in molecular organization. They are now believed to constitute an ancient intermediate group between the bacteria and eukaryotes.

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Eukaryote

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Any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive microorganisms.

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Bacteria

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Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals.

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Kingdom

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A taxonomic category of the highest rank, grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common: in the five-kingdom classification scheme adopted by many biologists, separate kingdoms are assigned to animals (Animalia), plants (Plantae), fungi (Fungi), protozoa and eucaryotic algae (Protista), and bacteria and blue-green algae (Monera).

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Offspring

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Offspring is the product of reproduction of a new organism produced by one or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two parents. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way.

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Theory

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A conjecture, an opinion, a speculation or an assumption based on limited information or experience, not necessarily on facts.

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Law

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A scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior.