Evolution

Front 1

Who proposed that geological processes like mountain formation and erosion take much longer than originally hypothesized?

Back 1

James Hutton

Front 2

Who reasoned that presently observable geological processes must be responsible forthe Earth’s landscape?

Back 2

Charles Lyell

Front 3

Who reasoned that limited resources could not support the growing population?

Back 3

Thomas Malthus

Front 4

Who proposed the idea that organisms could change during their lifetimes and that this change could be passed to their offspring?

Back 4

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Front 5

The change in a species over time.

Back 5

Evolution

Front 6

Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring.

Back 6

Artificial Selection

Front 7

Process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.

Back 7

Natural Selection

Front 8

How well an organism can survive and reproduce.

Back 8

Fitness

Front 9

An ancestor who is shared between two or more distinguished species.

Back 9

Common ancestor

Front 10

Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry.

Back 10

Homologous Structures

Front 11

Structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function.

Back 11

Vestigial Structures

Front 12

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure.

Back 12

Analogous Structures

Front 13

All the genes that are present in a population at any one time.

Back 13

Gene Pool

Front 14

Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.

Back 14

Allele Frequency

Front 15

Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population.

Back 15

Genetic Drift

Front 16

A change in in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of the population.

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Bottleneck Effect

Front 17

Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population.

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Founder Effect

Front 18

Process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways.

Back 18

Adaptive Radiation

Front 19

Classification system in which each species is assigned two-part scientific name.

Back 19

Binomial Nomenclature

Front 20

Study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between two organisms.

Back 20

Systematics

Front 21

Group or level of organization into which organisms are classified.

Back 21

Taxon

Front 22

What three facts is natural selection based on?

Back 22

1. Organisms producemore offspring thancan survive

2. Individuals vary intheir characteristics

3. Many characteristicsare passed fromparents to theiroffspring

Front 23

Anytraits that improve fitness.

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Adaptions

Front 24

Who developed the Binomial Nomenclature and created the modern classification system that formed a hierarchy or set of ordered ranks?

Back 24

Carolus Linneaus

Front 25

The evolutionary history of a lineage.

Back 25

Phylogeny

Front 26

Evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a first common ancestor and all its descendants.

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Clade

Front 27

Group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor.

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Monophyletic Group

Front 28

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

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Paraphyletic Group

Front 29

Diagram depicting patterns of a shared characteristics among species.

Back 29

Cladogram

Front 30

Trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members.

Back 30

Derived Character

Front 31

What are the six kingdoms?

Back 31

Eubacteria, Archaebacterial, Protista, Plante, Animale, and Fungi.

Front 32

What was our first attempt at simulating Ancient Earth's conditions for the purpose of testing ideas about the origin of life?

Back 32

Muller-Urey Experiment

Front 33

Term used to refer to two-foot locomotion.

Back 33

Bipedal

Front 34

What hominin was Lucy?

Back 34

Australopithecus afarensis

Front 35

Which hominin was considered the "handy man" and was the first to significantly use and craft tools?

Back 35

Homo hablis

Front 36

What was the first hominin to use fire?

Back 36

Homo erectus

Front 37

This hominin had a massive brow ridge and was culturally advanced.

Back 37

Homo neaderthalensis

Front 38

A term used to describe the early human.

Back 38

Cro-Magnon

Front 39

How old is Earth?

Back 39

4.6 billion years old.

Front 40

Layers of the earth.

Back 40

Strata

Front 41

Long periods of stabilityinterrupted by quick change.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

Front 42

Evolution by slow, steady change over time.

Back 42

Gradualism

Front 43

What are the three types of polygenic natural selection?

Back 43

Directional Selection, Stabilizing Selection, and Disruptive Selection.

Front 44

Polygenic selection by which one of the extreme phenotypes have a higher fitness rate.

Back 44

Directional Selection

Front 45

Polygenic selection by which average phenotypes have a higher fitness rate.

Back 45

Stabilizing Selection

Front 46

Polygenic selection by which either of the extreme phenotypes have a higher fitness rate.

Back 46

Disruptive Selection

Front 47

What are the two types of genetic drift?

Back 47

The Bottleneck Effect and the Founder Effect.

Front 48

A population in which individuals are able to interbreed andproduce fertile offspring.

Back 48

Species

Front 49

When one species diverges into two separate species.

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Speciation

Front 50

What are the two types of speciation?

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Allocation and Sympatric

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Speciation in which geographic barriers isolate gene pools.

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Allocation

Front 52

What are the three types of sympatric speciation?

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Polyploidy, behavioral, and temporal.

Front 53

Differences in courtship rituals, communication, orother behaviors that prevent mating.

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Behavioral Sympatric Speciation

Front 54

New polyploid versions can’t interbreed with diploidancestors.

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Polypoidy Sympatric Speciation

Front 55

Speciation in which two groups mate at different times.

Back 55

Temporal Sympatic Speciation

Front 56

What are the seven classifications?

Back 56

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Or, K___, Please Come Over For Great Sex.

Front 57

What are the major adaptions of primates?

Back 57

Long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, flexible limbs, binocular vision, and a well-developed cerebrum.

Front 58

Long fingers and toes allow for...

Back 58

A firm grip.

Front 59

Opposable thumbs allow for...

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A power and precision grip.

Front 60

Flexible joints allow for...

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Great climbing.

Front 61

Binocular vision allows for...

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Depth perception and a 3D view of the world.

Front 62

A large cerebrum allows for...

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Complex behaviors, critical thinking, and creating social structures.

Front 63

A "missing link" between an ancestor and a modern organism.

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Intermediate

Front 64

States that animals in the same environment will develop similar adaptations.

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Biogeography

Front 65

When animals not related evolve similar traits.

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Convergent Evolution

Front 66

When a phenotype is controlled by more than one gene.

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Polygenic

Front 67

Speciation by non-geographic gene pool isolation.

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Sympatric Speciation

Front 68

What was no present in Earth's early atmosphere?

Back 68

Oxygen

Front 69

What was the first hierarchical classification system?

Back 69

Linnean Taxonomy

Front 70

What kingdom is not a true clade?

Back 70

Proista

Front 71

A place on a cladogram where speciation occurs.

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