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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
descent
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genetic transmission in populations of organisms through time
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fact
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an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed
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law
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a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances
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theory
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a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses
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hypothesis
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a testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations
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Problems for naturalists
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1. explain fossils
2. diversity of animals 3. adaptation of animals |
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Niels Stensen
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rocks originally formed as soft muddy sediments in water, fossil shells were hard
noticed layering in rocks, sedimentation had occurred in episodes deposits were made horizontally and that the tilted appearance reflects changes since the original deposition |
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John Woodward
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Crust of the Earth did not collapse in ruins in the great flood but was dissolved in floodwaters. Particles settled out to form rock strata in order of their specific gravity. All fossils were from before the flood.
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John Ray
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extinct organisms are not compatible with the providence of God
world was older than thought |
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Linnaeus
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Species –similar individuals bounded together by reproduction and originally descended from a single set of parents created by God
natural classification Class, Order, Genus, and Species |
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Buffon
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study of organisms in natural enviroment
living world is divided into different regions and introduced the concept of regional floras and faunas Epochs of Nature |
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Epochs of Nature
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by: Buffon
1) earth began as a molten matter ejected from the sun 2) earth cooled and developed a solid outer crust 3) cooled to point where water could condense yielding a worldwide ocean and abundant marine life as seen in sedimentary rocks 4) and 5) as ocean levels fell, life began on land 6) earth cooled restricting migration of animals between continents 7) age of man |
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Werner
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classification of rocks, primary-quaternary
oceans rocks formed drop in sea level ocean dropped, earth did not rise |
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Hutton
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fossils horizontally distributed
then tilted then erosion and sunk in sea repeats |
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Cuvier
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correlation of parts
most important parts are least modified progressive-simpler to more complex beings species that look extinct have just not been found yet species became extinct due to natural disasters |
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Erasmus Darwin
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variation within species
changes driven by necessities necessities interact with variation to produce improvment of species |
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Lamarck
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changes in animal brought about by changes in environment (acquired characteristics)
NO EXTINCTION, just evolved into newer species Species that appear extinct have just not been found yet |
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Lyell
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natural disasters of today were natural disasters of past
species are well adapted to a given place in nature gradual turnover in species |
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Darwin
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natural selection
excess fecundity competition believes in extinction older the fossil, less similar to living form species evolve and then spread out to evolve more |
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Wallace
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related species are found near each other
related species are often found on opposite sides of a geographic barrier gradual change in species every species develops from a pre-existing species |
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gene
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a stretch of DNA that codes for a specific RNA or protein product
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allele
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version of the same gene that differs in its base sequence
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point mutations
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single base substitution in DNA
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transition mutation
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purine for purine, pyrimidine for pyrimidine
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transversion
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purie for pyrimidine, or reverse
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silent substitutions
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point mutations that do not change amingo acid sequence
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replacement substitutions
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mutations that result in amino acid change
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allozyme
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different enzyme
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isozyme
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distinct electrophoretic form of an enzyme
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polymorphism
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existence within a population of two or more alleles for a given locus
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heterozygosity
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the condition of having more than one allele at a locus in an individual
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microevolution
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genetic change within populations
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genotype
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genetic constitution of an organism
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phenotype
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physical or biochemical attributes of an organism
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what causes allele frequencies to change?
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drift
mutation selection migration |
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inbreeding
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related individuals of similar genotype mate preferentially with each other
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inbreeding depression
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deleterious recessive alleles become homozygous in increasing frequency
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random genetic drift
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variable sampling of the gene pool each generation
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selection
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composite forces that limit reproductive success of a genotype
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balancing selection
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maintenance of polymorphism
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frequency dependent selection
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fitness of a genotype depends on genotype frequencies in the population
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Inverse frequency dependent selection
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the rarer the phenotype is in the population the greater the fitness
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Positive frequency dependent selection
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the more common the phenotype is in the population the greater the fitness
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linkage disequilibrium
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non-random association of alleles from different loci in a population
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linkage equilibrium
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random association of alleles from different loci in a population
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causes of linkage disequilibrium
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no recombinaion
drift inbreeding selection |
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Muller's ratchet
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results in chance loss of chromosomes with the fewest deleterious mutations, in asexual, results in extinction
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