Evolution

Front 1

Apomorphy

Back 1

An apomorphy is a new genetic characteristic to a clade. Feathers are an apomorphy for birds.

Front 2

Synapomorphy

Back 2

an apomorphy shared by two or more species or clades.

Front 3

Autapomorphy

Back 3

a derived character state unique to a particular taxon.

Front 4

Plesiomorphy

Back 4

a character state already present in the ancestral species of a group under study.

Front 5

Outgroup

Back 5

One or more taxa assumed to be phylogenetically outside the ingroup that are used as a rooting point of a phylogenetic tree and may be used to assign the direction of change to character-state transformations.

Front 6

Ingroup

Back 6

those of taxa of primary interest in a particular study

Front 7

How are speciation events represented?

Back 7

they are represented by the branching sequence of the tree

Front 8

Reticulate Evolution

Back 8

the pattern of evolution resulting from recombinational speciation, other diploid hybrid speciation, or allopolyploid speciation

Front 9

Name the three domains of life

Back 9

Archea, Eukaria, bacteria

Front 10

What is the most impressive feature of the lineages of the Archea

Back 10

Their habitat

Front 11

Hypotheses

Back 11

: A phylogenetic tree is a summary of hypothesis about the sequence of speciation.

Front 12

Relatedness of Taxa

Back 12

Trees indicate which taxa are more closely or distantly related.

Front 13

Traits, characters, character state, homologous character state

Back 13

Logic for estimating evolutionary relationships "is simple": The most closely related taxa should have the most traits in common.
Character: independent, heritable, variable among the taxa under study, homologous.
Character states: variation or alternate forms of a character.
Similarity: homologous or nonhomologous;