Evolution

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evolution

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process that transforms life on earth over periods of time.

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Catastophism

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a catastrophe destroyed various life forms at different times in history.

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Gradualism

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change in the cumulative product of slow continous natural occurences.

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uniformitarianism

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the same processes that are acting today

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decent with modification

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Darwin viewed evolution as a tree with different species branching off of eariler species.

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Natural selection

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how things change.

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population genetics

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looks at variation w/in populations and recognizes quantitive traits, changed the view of evolution.

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modern synthesis

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modern view of evolution using the ideas of many fields.

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gene pool

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includes all of the genes at anyone time.

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microevolution

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evolution in a specific gene pool

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genetic drift

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smaller the sample the greater the chance of deviations from the expected result.

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Bottleneck effect

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anything that destroys a large number of population leaving a population with different genetic frequencies

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founder effect

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results when a small poulation colonizes individuals

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mutation

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a change in all alleles will immediatly change the gene pool

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polymorphism

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2 or more forms of descrete character in population.

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geographical variation

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differences in populations due to environmental factor(s?)

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cline

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graded change in some trait along a geographic axis

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diploidy

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having 2 forms of a trait.

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balanced polymorphism

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the selection for variation of some genes

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heterozygote advantage

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hetro. form has a better chance of survival than HD and HR

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hybrid vigor

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some hybrids survive better than the inbred stock probably due to heterozygote adbantage and segregation of harmful recessive alleles.?????

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Neutral variation

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variation that does not give a selective advantage or disadvantage.

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Linnaeus did what?

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organized living things as a natural theologian- taxonomy- hierachy ladder

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what did Cuvier do?

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developed paleontology- advocated catastrophism.

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what about Hutton? what did he do?

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introduced gradualism

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How bout that Lamarck?

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suggested use and disuse inheritance and acquired characteristics.

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Darwin?

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born in England in 1809 rode the Beagle to Galapagos Islands, studied 13 different species of finches, wrote "Origin of Natural Selection"

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Wallace?

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sent Darwin a theory almost identical to his own

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Mayr?

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Broke down Sir Darwin's theory

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what was natural theology trying to prove?

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The idea that things were created to fit into their environment

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SHORT ANSWER
What are the 3 subtleties of natural selection?

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individuals don't evolve, it can amplify or diminish variations, specifics depend on situation.

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State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem

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The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a poulations gene pool remain constant over the generation unless acted upon by agents other that sexual recombination.

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what is the Hardy- Weinberg equation? need to know how to use

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p+q=1 p2+2pq=q2=1

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If the frequences of Hardy-Weinberg change, what does that mean?

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Evolution has occured

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SHORT ANSWER
what are the 5 things that are necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg?

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1. Large population
2. isolated population
3. no net mutations
4. random mating
5. no natural selection

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of the in #7 which one adapts organisms to a specific environment?

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natural selection

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how is variation measure?

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by the percentage of loci

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gene flow

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changes in frequencies due to migration of fertile individuals

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what are the observations and inferences of Dawin's theory?

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ob.1- all species have great potential for fertility and would grow exponentually if all offspring survived. ob2. tend to remain stable in size ob.3 environmental resources are limited. Inference-1 The Large populations have for survival only a fraction survive. ob.4 individuals vary extensively in their characteristics ob.5 much of this variation is inheritable. Infrence 2- Survival in the struggle depends on heredity and the best fit likely leave more offspring. Inference3. this unequalability to survive will eventually change the population.