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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What 5 events create variation in gametes?
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1. Mutation
2. Cross over 3. Random Alignement 4. Fertilization 5. Number of chromosomes |
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What 4 rules need to be followed if the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is true?
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1. There are no mutations
2. The population is large and isolated 3. All mating is random 4. All individuals must mate |
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Morphological Divergence
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Homology
EG Forearm |
Term and example
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Mutation
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Change in DNA sequence having either a good, bad or no effect.
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Parapatric Speciation
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Neighboring populations become distinct species while continuing to maintain contact along a common barrier.
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Polyploidy Speciation
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Where plant offspring have a changed number of chromosomes, and inherit 3+ chromosomes of each type.
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Speciation
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Evolution of a new species from an existing species.
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Species
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One kind of organism.
"LIKE ORGANISMS" |
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Stabilizing Curve
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Favors the average.
EG Birthweight |
Definition and example
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Stabilizing Selection
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Selects for intermediaries (or heterozygotes if we are considering a single gene).
Stabilizing Curve: favors the average EG Birthweight also includes: Normal Distribution: EG Height |
What does it favor?
State the genotype Give example |
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Subspecies
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Geographically distinct populations of the same species.
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Sympatric Speciation
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New species can form within the same geographic region in the absence of a physical barrier.
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This is required for speciation to take place?
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Genetic isolation
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What are 3 postmating (postzygotic) isolation mechanisms?
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1. Hybrid inviability (kw F1 dies )
2. Hybrid sterility (kw F1 infertile) 3. Hybrid breakdown (kw F2 infertile) |
3 terms and their keywords (kw)
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What are 3 ways genetic drift can occur?
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Inbreeding
Bottlenecks Founder Effect |
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What are 4 types of Premating (Prezygotic) Isolation?
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1. Temporal Isolating Mechanism (kw timing of reproduction cycle)
2. Behavioral (kw style) 3. Mechanical (kw parts) 4. Gametic (kw chemicals) |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium formula and what is it used for?
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p = freq of homozygous dom allele
q = freq of homozygous rec allele pq = freq of heterozygous dom allele Converts to a genotypic ratio. It's used to describe a population at genetic equilibrium where evolution has not occurred. |
What does p, q and pq stand for?
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Which is most common:
Allopatric speciation or Sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric Speciation
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Allopatric or Sympatric?
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_____ is to morphological divergence as _____ is to morphological convergence.
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Homology : Divergence eg forearm
Analogy : Convergence eg wing of insect and bird |
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6 Kingdoms of Organisms
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1. Eukbacteria - Prokaryotic
2. Archebacteria - Prokaryotic 3. Protista - Eukaryotic 4. Fungi - Eukaryotic 5. Plantae - Eukaryotic 6. Animalia - Eukaryotic |
List and label either Pro/Eukaryotic
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Adaptation
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Modification that increases the survival of a population in a given environment.
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Allopatric Speciation
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Some type of physical barrier that arises and prevents gene flow between populations of species.
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Analogy
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Structures that do not have a common evolutionary background, even though they may be morphologically similar.
EG Wing of a bird and a wing of an insect |
Definition and example
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Aristotle (380-320 BC)
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Continuum of organisms; from lowest to highest forms.
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Artificial Selection
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Where we determine what's being selected.
EG Breeding purebreed cats |
Definition and example
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Bottlenecks
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Fluctuations in the environment may cause a population to periodically experience a rapid decrease in their number, with only a few individuals from a large population surviving.
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Causes of Genetic Drift
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1. Inbreeding
2. Bottlenecks 3. Founder Effect |
3 causes
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Comparative Morphology
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Change in body form of a common ancestor.
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Directional Selection
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Favors extremes.
Homozygous Dominant or Recessive EG Peppered Moth |
What does it favor?
State the genotype Give example |
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Disruptive Selection
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Favors extremes simultaneously.
Homozygous Dominant or Recessive EG Finches beaks, large and small with none in the middle |
What does it favor?
State the genotype Give example |
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Extinction
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Irrecoverable loss of a species.
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Fossil
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Some recognizable, physical evidence of an organism that lived in the distinct past.
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Founder Effect
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A few individuals from a large population establish, or found, a new population that have alleles only from the founders.
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Gene Flow
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Alleles enter and leave a population as a result of immigration (in) and emigration (out).
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Gene Pool
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All the alleles of all genes in a population at a given time.
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Genetic Drift
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Change in allele frequencies over generations (usually to a small population) due to CHANCE.
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Genetic Mutation
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Change in DNA sequence of nucleotides in a gene.
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Genotype
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All the genes of an individual organism.
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Genotype is to _______ as Gene Pool is to _______.
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Individual; population
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Homology
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A similarity in one or more body parts in different organisms that can be attributed to descent from a common ancestor.
EG Forearm |
Definition and example
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How far does the earliest living organism date back?
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3.5 billion years ago
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How old is the earth?
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4.6 billion years old
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How old is the universe?
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12 billion years old
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Inbreeding
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Non-random mating among closely related relatives.
A way in which genetic drift occurs |
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Lamark (1744-1829)
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"New traits could be created over a lifetime."
This person explained how one species develops from another. (We now believe that changes occur over generations not within a lifetime). |
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Linnaeus (1707-1829)
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Creator of taxonomy.
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Macroevolution
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Large scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among higher taxa (above the level of species).
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Mass Extinction
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Large catastrophic event in which the entire families (taxa group) disappear during the same phase at the same point in geological time.
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Microevolution
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Genetic change of a population that results from:
1. Mutation 2. Genetic Drift 3. Gene Flow 4. Natural Selection |
List 4 causes
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Microevolution
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Any change in allele frequency of a population resulting form mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, or some combination of these.
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Morphological Convergence
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Analogy
EG The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect |
Term and example
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