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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is evolution?
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Evolution is heritable changes in organisms over time
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What is the first part of evolutionary theory?
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The idea that species change over time
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What is Natural Selection?
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Natural Selection is the differential reproductive succedd of individuals due to genetically inhereited traits
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Name the four theories that Darwin's Theory are based on
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1) The world is ever changing and very old
2) Species change 3) species are composed of populations of individuals 4) every species and group of specied are descended from a common ancestral species |
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Who is best known for his theory of inheritance of acquired traits, which states that acquired traits are passed on to offspring?
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Lamarck (1800's)
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True or False: In modern times only traits with no genetic basis can be inherited
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False: Only traits with a genetic basis can be inherited
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True or False: In modern times only traits with no genetic basis can be inherited
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False: Only traits with a genetic basis can be inherited
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Who independently hit upon natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?
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Alfred Wallace (1858)
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Who was the scientist that Darwin communicated closely with and may have taken some of his ideas for his book?
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Alfred Wallace
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What is comparative anatomy?
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Species that descend from a common ancestor may evolve in very different directions yet retain many of the same basic structural characteristics
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What are homologous structures?
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Similar structures seen in two or more species
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True or false: Evolution is opportunistic
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True
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What is a vestigal structure?
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One that has little or no function; an evolutionary remnant, i.e. appendix
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What is a vestigal structure?
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One that has little or no function; an evolutionary remnant, i.e. appendix
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What is Comparative Embryology?
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Early embryos of all vertebrates are alike
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What is selection?
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The differential survival and reproduction of genetic variants
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What does it mean if inheritance is blended?
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Offspring have a blend of both parents traits
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Who published results showing the particulate nature of inheritance?
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Gregor Mendel (1866)
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Who was one of the first biologists to completely reject the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
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August Weismann
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What is the "continuity of life" theory?
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1) Germ plasm is separate from the rest of the body from the beginning
2) Only the germ plasm is passed on to the offspring 3) Acquired traits cannot be inherited |
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According to Weismann's theory, did he conclude that natural selection brings together old traits into new combinations, thus producing variation upon which evolution may work?
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No, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION brings together old traits and produces variation upon which NATURAL SELECTION may work
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What were the scientists called who rediscovered Mendel's laws?
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Mendelains
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What were the scientists called that insisted that Mendelian genetics did NOT cause evolution?
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Naturalists
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What was the "marriage" of genetics and evolutionary theory called, and when did it occur?
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"Population Genetics" and 1930's
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What are population genetics?
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Explains in mathematical terms the processes by which variation is generated and passed on within populations of organisims.
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What is microevolution?
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The changes in the frequency of alleles of genes in a population
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What is macroevolution?
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The orgin and multiplication of species
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True or false: Prior to the mid-1800's most people believed that new life developed spontaneously from living material
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False: from NON-LIVING materials
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What is spontaneous generation?
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Development of life from non-living materials
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Who performed one of the 1st controlled experiments, challenging the idea of spontaneous generation?
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Francesco Redi
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Who used his powerful microscope to see microorganisims everywhere?
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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Who designed a simple experiment disproving spontaneous generation for microorganisms?
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Louis Pasteur
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True or false: Pasteur concluded that all life comes from existing life?
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True
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Name the two general explanations of where life comes from
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1) arrived from somewhere in the universe
2) developed spontaneously from non-living organisms |
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What is pre-biotic evolution?
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Life must have developed from non-living matter on the early Earth's surface
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True or false: Earth formed about 7.5 million years ago
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False: 4.6 billion
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What kept earth from solidifying for another billion years?
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Gravity compaction and meteor bombardment
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When did the 1st sediments and 1st life appear on Earth?
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about 3.8 billion years ago
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True or false: early atmosphere had twice the oxygen content than today
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False: no oxygen
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What are three possible sources of energy necessary for prebiotic evolution?
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1) UV radiation
2) Heat from earth's interior 3) lightening |
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What is the modern atmosphere composed of?
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78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% inert gasses, water vapor
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What two important steps would have to come 1st?
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1) evolution of reproduction
2) evolution of metabolism |
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What do the balloon-like droplets of polypeptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides that spontaneously form called?
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Coacervates
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Why are coacervates important?
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Because the inside and outside are separated by a membrane-like boundary
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What properties would the 1st true cells have needed?
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1. A boundary
2. enzymes to get energy from chemicals in the environment 3. store the energy (ATP molecule) 4. RNA that specifies the structure of an enzyme 5. DNA/RNA replication/synthesis using the Watson-Crick rules for base pairing 6. specific amino acid for a triplet codon 7. primitive tRNA to connect amino acids to nucleotides |
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True or false: The earliest organisms are thought to have obtained both energy and building blocks from preexisting organic molecules present in primordial soup?
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True
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Name three ways to get energy from molecules
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1. photosynthesis
2. cellular respiration 3. fermentation |
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Of those three ways to get energy from molecules, which is considered to be the oldest and used in both bacteria and eukaryotes?
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Fermentation
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What allowed oxygen exploitation to occur?
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Cellular respiration
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Define endosymbiosis
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A close association of two organisms which one lives inside the other
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True or false: Most modern-day biologists reject the view that both the chlorplasts and mitchondria are the endosymbiotic descendents of free-living prokaryotes?
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False: they FAVOR that view
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What is the Definition of Species?
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"Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups"
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Name the two groups that the biological species concept does not apply to
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1. asexual organisms
2. easy to extinct species |
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Why must a species become reproductively isolated?
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In order to become separate species, the gene flow must permanently stop
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What two mechanisms are involved in creating reproductive isolation?
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Prezygote barriers
Postzygote barriers |
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What is a prezygote barrier?
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They prevent the fusion of the sperm and the egg preventing the formation of a zygote
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Name the five prezygote barriers:
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1. Ecological isolation: how species live
2. temporal isolation: when they reproduce 3. behavioral isolation: mating behaviors 4. mechanical isolation: do not have complementary male and female reproductive organs 5. gamete isolation-gametes aren't compatable |
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What is a post-zygotic barrier?
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Occur when fertilization leads to zygote that either dies or fails to reproduce
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Name an important aspect of homologous structures
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Structures may perform the same or different functions
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