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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During the middle ages there was
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relatively little advancement: statis; copying and interpreting past works; organized religion
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Ancient Greeks through Linnaeus
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-Essentialism (basis of western science)-everything can be arranged into categories that have properties that define them
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Aristotelian/Platonic tradition (Greek)
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-Type/category is important,variation is some kind of mistake
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Scala Nature (Great Chain of Being)
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Greek concept in which types can be arranged in order of greater perfection
-Used even today to justify racism, sexism, nationalism |
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Renaissance
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-new willingness to look at empirical data and question authority
-Advent of travel and exploration |
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Three Renaissance travelers
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-Cook (3 voyages to australia, antarctica, hawaii)
-Humbolt -Lewis and Clark |
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Natural system of classification
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-Classification based on multiple features of organisms, subordinates certain characters depending on "importance"
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The natural system of classification was formalized by
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Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, with help from Joseph Hooker and Asa Gray
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Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by
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French scientist Georges Cuvier
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Catastophism
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-each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe
-advocated by Georges Cuvier |
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Gradualism is
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the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes
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Uniformitarianism
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-changes in earth's surface can result from slow and continous actions still operating today
-Hutton and Lyell |
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Hutton
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Gradualism
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Lyell
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Uniformitarianism
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Linnaeus
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taxonomy
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Lamarck
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-Use and disuse
-One species changes into another |
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Erasmus Darwin (Charles's grandfather)
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organisms strive to improve themselves
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By the 1800s, it was speculated that
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-earth millions of years old
-organisms have gone extinct -similarities between extinct and present organisms -organisms descended from previous ones |
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Rationalism
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Come up with an idea, and try to fit the data to it.
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Empiricism
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Find data, try to find an idea to fit it.
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Ontology
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What kinds of entities exist, what are their fundamental meanings and relationships
homologies, phylogenies, species |
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Epistemology
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Characters, statistics, cladistic analysis, etc.
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