Evolution 2

Front 1

study of genetic variation within populations

Back 1

population genetics

Front 2

when all members of the population are homozygous, the allele is __

Back 2

fixed

Front 3

total of all genes in a population

Back 3

gene pool

Front 4

5 requirements of hardy-weinberg population

Back 4

large population
closed population
no selection
no mutations
random mating

Front 5

variation on an either/or basis

Back 5

discrete character

Front 6

variation on a continuum

Back 6

quantitative character

Front 7

genetic differences based on location

Back 7

geographic variation

Front 8

change due to chance events, not natural selection

Back 8

drift

Front 9

graded change in character along a geographic axis

Back 9

cline

Front 10

hardy-weinberg equation

Back 10

p2(WW) + 2pq(Ww) +q2(ww) =1

Front 11

microevolution caused by sampling error

Back 11

genetic drift

Front 12

change in frequency of a certain allele

Back 12

microevolution

Front 13

2 types of genetic drift

Back 13

bottleneck effect
founder effect

Front 14

population decreased drastically by a disaster

Back 14

bottleneck

Front 15

animals effected by bottlenecking (5)

Back 15

northern elephant seals
south african cheetahs
nene birds
people when mt. toba erupted
prarie chickens

Front 16

place where founder's effect is seen (3)

Back 16

Tristan da cunha
martha's vineyard
Amish of PA

Front 17

condition on tristan da cunha

Back 17

retinitis pigmentosa

Front 18

condition in martha's vineyard

Back 18

congenital deafness

Front 19

condition in amish of PA

Back 19

polydactyly

Front 20

counteracts genetic drift

Back 20

gene flow

Front 21

when new alleles get introduced into a population

Back 21

gene flow

Front 22

source of genetic variation

Back 22

mutations

Front 23

when an organism fertilizes itself

Back 23

asexual reproduction

Front 24

mating with a relative

Back 24

inbreeding

Front 25

mating with someone who is much like yourself

Back 25

assortive mating

Front 26

the adaptive cause of microevolution

Back 26

natural selection

Front 27

relative contribution an individual genotype makes to the gene pool of the next generation

Back 27

darwinian/relative fitness

Front 28

3 modes of natural selection

Back 28

directional, stabilizing, diversifying/disruptive

Front 29

selection that shifts phenotype to one end

Back 29

directional

Front 30

selection that makes phenotypes less diverse

Back 30

stabilizing

Front 31

selection that makes phenotypes more diverse

Back 31

diversifying/disruptive

Front 32

human birthweight undergoes ___ selection

Back 32

stabilizing

Front 33

2 examples of directional selection

Back 33

biston betularia
drought finches

Front 34

example of diversifying selection

Back 34

black bellied seedcrackers

Front 35

why is it advantageous to have a diploid state?

Back 35

protection from harmful recessives without wiping them out

Front 36

when selection favors multiple morphs

Back 36

balanced polymorphisms

Front 37

what is the heterozygote advantage?

Back 37

hetero organism has some advantage, like sickle cell alleles w/ malaria.

Front 38

cross-bred crops are more protected

Back 38

hybrid vigor

Front 39

garter snakes exhibit __ __ __

Back 39

diverse environmental colors

Front 40

2 types of mimicry

Back 40

Batesian & Mullerian

Front 41

mimicry when an organism resembles a poisonous species

Back 41

Batesian

Front 42

mimcry when 2 species have similar protection mechanisms

Back 42

Mullerian

Front 43

ex of Batesian mimicry

Back 43

African swallowtail butterfly

Front 44

ex of Mullerian mimicry

Back 44

eastern coral snake (venomous)
and scarlet king snake (non)

Front 45

fingerprints are an example of..

Back 45

neutral variation

Front 46

males look different from females

Back 46

sexual dimorphism

Front 47

competition between members of the same sex

Back 47

intrasexual selection

Front 48

competition for a mate

Back 48

intersexual selection

Front 49

when a feature/behavior overdevelops and becomes unhealthy, this is called _ _ _

Back 49

runaway sexual selection

Front 50

one on one mating

Back 50

monogamy

Front 51

one male with multiple females

Back 51

polygyny

Front 52

one female with multiple males

Back 52

polyandry

Front 53

term for offspring that need a lot of care

Back 53

altricial

Front 54

term for offspring that need just a little care

Back 54

precocial

Front 55

in polyandry, _ _ _ allow for the female to have protection and most fit offspring

Back 55

extra pair copulations

Front 56

who came up with biological species concept

Back 56

Ernst Mayr

Front 57

biological species concept

Back 57

population that can breed with one another IN NATURE and produce fertile offspring. but not with members of another species

Front 58

biological species concept doesn't work for _ or _

Back 58

extinct species
organisms that reproduce asexually

Front 59

3 distinct species that can interbreed

Back 59

coyotes, dogs, wolves

Front 60

4 subspecies, but 2 of them won't interbreed

Back 60

deer mouse

Front 61

5 prezygotic barriers

Back 61

habitat
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
gametic

Front 62

3 postzygotic barriers

Back 62

reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown

Front 63

speciation when a geographic barrier isolates populations

Back 63

allopatric

Front 64

speciation when populations become genetically isolated

Back 64

sympatric

Front 65

having extra sets of chromosomes

Back 65

polyploidy

Front 66

self-fertilization following meiosis causes a non-disjunction error

Back 66

autopolyploidy

Front 67

when 2 different species mate and their offspring is unusually infertile (but may reproduce asexually)

Back 67

allopolyploidy

Front 68

model of speciation that happens in spurts and starts

Back 68

punctuated equilibrium

Front 69

model of speciation that happens as gradual differences accumulate

Back 69

gradualism