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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main sources of Earth's age and their estimates?
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Great Slave Lake 4 billion
Zircon crystals embedded in younger rock 4.3 billion |
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Stromatolites
and how old? |
Microbial mats
cyano bacteria 3.5 billion |
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Kerogen
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Large molecules, heavy hydrocarbons
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Wohler reaction made urea from...
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Ammonium and cyanate
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How were alanines and sugars created?
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Formamide and water
formaldehyde and NaOH |
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Self-replication, what is it and why is it important?
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needed to keep systems going, clays and other substances could have driven initial polymerization
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Eigen's paradox
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High mutation rate with early, inefficient replicase
Complex machinery could lower error rate Complex machinery would require a large genome Cannot copy a large genome efficiently with a high mutation rate |
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What preceded lipid cell membranes, ad what were they like?
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possibly proteins, very leaky
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what came first?
DNA, RNA, Protein? |
RNA!!!!!!
it is enzymatic and genetic |
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What is Wobble?
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redundancy of genetic code allowing 64 codons to code for 17-20 A.A.
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Two theories for tRNA
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1 ribozyme, coding and catalytic
Ribozyme codes for a coding RNA and the ancestral codons bind A.A. with specificity |
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Why Protein, why DNA?
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Proteins have more chemical properties
DNA is less reactive DNA allows division of labor and compartmentalization RNA destruction is not costly |
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Monophyletic
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common ancestor and ALL descendants
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Paraphyletic
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excluding one or more descendants from a monophylectic grouping
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Polyphyletic
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Grouping that lacks the unifying common ancestor
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Polytomy
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3 descendants from the same point
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Describe a phylogram
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branch length correlate by time
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Dendrograms
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All branches have the same total length
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How do you choose a root for a tree?
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Choose an outgroup (furthest related), this allow for point of reference
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Compartmentalization
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If the system is separate from it's surroundings then the complexity can increase
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what is sister Taxa?
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branching from the unifying ancestor, the points at an equal level are sister taxa (on a dendrogram)
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Rates of change can screw with which tree?
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Phylograms
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How do you calculate similarities in a phylogram?
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It is based on the distances between one organism to another.
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Homologous traits
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Synapomorphies, Help a tree
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Analogous traits
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homoplasies are going to ruin a tree
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LUCA
what are the shared qualities? |
DNA as genetic material
Mech of DNA rep Transcrition of RNA three letter codons rRNA, tRNA, ribosomal proteins ATP usage plasma membrane use |
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What else was going on around LUCA?
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crowded planet, not the only cellular life form
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Why can't we make a tree of everything?
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We do not know what to use as the root!
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What could viruses be?
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Relics of pre-cellular world
Escaped cellular material Highly modified cells |
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What sets archaea from Eubacteria?
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molecular similarities of rep, translation, transcription to eukaryotic mechanisms
Histone like structures |
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Differences between Archaea and eubacteria cell membrane.
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Archaea have branching carbon chain in hydrophobic region (every 4th), ether linkage instead of ester linkage
Sometimes a double headed membrane |
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metagenomics
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Sequencing genes gathered directly from the environment
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Symbiosis IS EXEMPLIFIED BY WHICH ORGANELLE
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CHLOROPLASTS MITOCHONDRIA
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Autoinduction, what does this do and when does it occur?
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crowding makes more autoinducer
can lead to virulence factors furiting body formation biofilm production sporulation competence |
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What is the comparison of size and density of genome between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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eukaryotes have 1000x more genes but 10x more gene content
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What are the benefits of a smaller genome?
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faster replication
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What are the benefits of genome with introns?
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Introns allow for alternative splicing
Junk DNA could allow for long term flexibility |
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What is lateral transfer?
give examples |
movement of genes from one organisms to another, no parent to child
ex: transformation, conjugation, transduction |
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what are barriers to Lateral gene transfer?
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Restriction enzymes
linear fragments need to integrate promoter differences |
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Genomic forces on bacteria and archaea
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Vertical evolution
Elimination of extraneous material gain of info by lateral transfer |
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What are the 8 eukaryotic kingdoms
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Plantae, Amoebazoa, Opisthokonts, Excavata, Heterokonts, Alveolates, Rhizaria/cercozoa, Discicristates
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What are part of Eukaryotic endosymbiosis, and what are their traits?
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Mitochondria and plastids
membrane systems circular genomes divide by binary fission electron transport chain similar to bacteria |
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What is a nucleomorph and give examples where they appear
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Cryptophyte and Chlorarachniophyte
the nucleus of a eukaryote that was endocytosis-ed |
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Which is the outgroup (A B E) considering genomic DNA, and Mitchondrial DNA
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B is out group in terms of DNA, A is outgroup in mitochondria
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Karogenic model
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no symbiosis
cell membrane invaginates to surround nucleus |
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ENdosymbiotic model
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cell wall lost, endosymbiont engulfed, endosymbiont could be achaean nucleus or bacterium
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What are some evolutionary factors of eukaryotes?
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Some lateral transfer from viral and organelles.
Telomreres Centromeres |
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what portions of eukaryotic DNA are:
retroposons retrotransposons transposons |
44
8 3 |
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What are LTR's
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Long terminal repeats
in retrotransposons and retroviruses (related to each other) not retroposons |
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What are LINES and SINES?
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Long and short interspersed nuclear elements
inside retroposons |
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How does retrotransposition take place?
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It attacks a small cut in the DNA and elongates from one side of thestrand, inserting itself into the DNA, reverse transcription style
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Two types of Pseudogenes
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those created by reverse transcriptase, cDNA (cannot be expressed)
and those that are duplicates (can be expressed) |
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Spliceosomal
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Eukaryotic nuclear pre-mRNA
Lariat structure |
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Group 1 splicing
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Eukaryotic nuclear pre-mRNA
organelle RNA's few bacterial RNA's |
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Group 2 splicing
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Oganelle RNA's
some prokaryotic RNA Lariat structure |
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Alternative splicing?
What is it good for? |
Allows for variation in the proteins that are translatable by eukaryotes
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microRNA's
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can target an mRNA for degredation
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syngamy
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a diploid made from two haploids fertilizing
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