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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is one of the great achievements of the Greeks of t
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One of the great achievements
of the Greeks of the Golden Age was to assert the dignity and rights of the individual human being. |
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What form of government sprang from the Greek Golden Age?
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Asserting the dignity and rights of the individual human being, in a pattern of government from which true democracy was to spring.
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Ancient Greece
--- From when to when? |
ANCIENT GREECE
-- 800 - 300 B.C. |
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How is the climate of Greece?
How did this climate effect the early Greeks? (supposedly) |
The land is a mountainous, deeply indented mass thrusting south into the Mediterranean.
The climate is benign, but arable soil is scarce and scattered; as a result, early settlements developed as small, independent communities, isolated by the difficult terrain from their neighbors -- Often the only means of communication was by sea. -- These factors gave a strongly individual identity to the emerging towns of Ancient Greece, they developed into separate city-states whose inhabitants showed an intense loyalty to their own community. |
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What did they call these individual Greek city-states?
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POLIS
-- meaning a community acting together in the belief that every citizen should share in the government. |
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A Greek devoted much of his life to what?
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So the Greek became a 'political animal' who devoted much of his time to public affairs.
This was particularly the case among the citizens of Athens. |
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What was the largest of the city-states?
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Athens
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During the days of early Greece who led Athens?
-- What happened? |
In its early days Athens was ruled by kings and tyrants.
-- In 510 B.C. Cleisthenes drove out the last of the tyrants and kings and established the world's first democratic government. |
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Who established the first democratic government?
When did he do this? |
Cleisthenes established the world's first democratic government.
In 510 B.C. |
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The word DEMOCRACY
comes from what Greek origin? |
DEMOCRACY
-- demos: the common people kratos: power |
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Who was able to vote in the democracy of Ancient Greece?
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This was not a democracy in the modern sense.
-- Only a minority of the population was allowed to vote. -- The freeborn Athenian males. Women: could not vote (not considered citizens) Foreigners & their descendants: could not vote Slaves & their descendants: could not vote (even freedmen) |
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What was done to the city of Athens?
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The city of Athens was divided into 10 blocks, called tribes.
-- 10 tribes |
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Who was elected as leaders?
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10 tribes of Athens
-- each tribe elected 50 men (these men had to be over 30 years old) -- 50 men elected to a 500-strong Council Council: carried out the daily function of government. |
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The councillors of the 500-strong COUNCIL did what?
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The councillors served in turn on a committee
-- committee: produced ideas for discussion by the Assembly. |
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The Assembly
-- * The Assembly, what was the Greek word? * Who participated? *What occurred? |
The Assembly: EKKLESIA
All the thousands of citizens could attend, paying a small admission fee, and could speak and vote. The Assembly made laws and decided on great issues such as whether to go to war. |
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Promptness was encouraged:
What was done to the citizens who did not show up to the Assembly on time? |
Promptness was encouraged:
slaves holding a rope dipped in red paint rounded up late-comers, anyone found with red paint on his clothes was fined. |
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The Assembly:
-- *met how many times a year? * where did they meet? |
The Assembly met about 40 times a year.
Meeting place was on the PNYX Pnyx: a hill near the Acropolis. |
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What does ACROPOLIS mean?
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ACROPOLIS
-- 'high city' |
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What is the PNYX?
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PNYX
-- hill near the Acropolis the rocky plateu which was the birthplace of the Athenian city-state. |
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The ASSEMBLY
-- What was the standard mode of operation during the meeting of the ASSEMBLY? |
1) prayer & the sacrifice of a black pig
2) the debates began (voting by a show of hands) |
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The ASSEMBLY
-- How was order kept during the Assembly? |
Order was kept by a police force of SCYTHIAN archers
SCYTHIAN archers: original homeland was the Black Sea |
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The ASSEMBLY
-- Who prepared the legal cases for trial in the Assembly? |
Officials called ARCHONS
-- Archons were selected by lot - they prepared legal cases for trial in the Assembly - they also organised religious ceremonies. |
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The ASSEMBLY
-- Who were the highest ranking officials? -- How were they elected? How long was their term? How much power did they have? What decisions did they make? |
The 10 highest ranking officials were
STRATEGOI - or generals -- *Strategoi were elected from the 10 tribes by the people. * they held office for a year * had immense power over the army and the economy * made far reaching decisions over the state |
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Who was the most famous STRATEGOS?
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PERICLES
-- most famous STRATEGOS |
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PERICLES
-- Lead Athens when? Re-elected how many times? Owes success to what/who? |
PERICLES
-- most famous STRATEGOS -- -leader of Athens in the middle of the 5th century - won re-election no fewer than 15 times - Pericles owed his success largely to his powers of oratory & his mistress ASPASIA |
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Pericles had a mistress named ASPASIA
-- How did Aspasia help Pericles? |
ASPASIA
-- she was a HETARIA (courtesan) & said to have helped Pericles write his speeches and therefore had political influence (political influence = rare for women in ancient Greece) |
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PERICLES
-- Pericles took power after which war? What was his major political doing? |
Pericles took power after the Persian Wars
He forged a league of friendly cities into an Athenian Empire known as the DELIAN LEAGUE. |
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DELIAN LEAGUE
-- What is the Delian League? Why was it named this? Who was in this league? |
DELIAN LEAGUE: league of friendly cities which created the Athenian empire.
Named because its treasury was initially kept on DELOS: an island sacred to Apollo The DELIA LEAGUE embraced many Greek states around the Aegean. |
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THE DELIAN LEAGUE
-- Each city-state contributed what to the league? What were these contributions used for? |
Each city-state contributed ships or money for mutual defence.
Athens used much of the wealth, however, to rebuild the temples of the ACROPOLIS, destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC. The new PARTHENON & other buildings enhanced the influence and game of the city throughout the Greek world |
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THE ASSEMBLY
-- What was the most common form of punishment for Athenian criminals? |
Exile from Athens for a period of years.
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THE ASSEMBLY
-- What was the method in deciding who would be exiled from Athens? |
Each citizen attending the Assembly scratched on a piece of broken pot
-- OSTRAKON: broken pot -- the name of the man he thought should be exiled from Athens. The Ostraka were placed in a pot and the man whose name appeared on the majority was banished, or 'ostracised'. |
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LAW COURTS
-- Much small-scale litigation was over what? |
Small scale litigation was widespread, with many quarrels over property.
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LAW COURTS
-- Who was eligible to serve on a jury? |
Every citizen over the age of 30 could serve on a jury.
Remember: women were not considered citizens. The modest payment of three obols a day enabled poor people to perform their duty. |
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LAW COURTS
-- How many jurors were there at a trial? Who presided over the trial? |
There were at least 201 jurors at a trial and often many more.
A presiding magistrate saw that the case was tried properly but gave no opinion on the matter being heard. |
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LAW COURTS
-- How did each side defend themselves? What instrument was used? |
Each side was allowed equal time to plead its case. This time was measured with a water clock.
Water Clock: once a vessel filled with water had emptied through a spout at the bottom into a lower one the speaker had to stop. |
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LAW COURTS
-- Who defended the sides? Who spoke? |
The accused person, or parties to a litigation, were expected to speak on their own behalf, but could if they wished to employ speech writers to prepare their cases.
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LAW COURTS
-- Speech writers for the accused, what did some of these men eventually become (professionally)? Give a specific example of one of these men. |
Some of these speech writers eventually developed into successful attorneys.
It was said of the famous 4th-century orator Demosthenes that he could prepare briefs for either party with equal ease. |
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LAW COURTS
-- How did the jurors vote? |
Jurors were handed voting pebbles which they dropped into one of two pots.
The pot that held the majority of the pebbles decided the outcome of the case. |
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LAW COURTS
-- What was the usual punishment? |
Jail was rare; the usual punishment was EXILE, or loss of citizenship or property.
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LAW COURTS
-- How long did the officials who served in the law courts hold their position? |
Judges, council members and city officials held office for a year.
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Greek written records date back how many years?
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The oldest records recorded in Europe with a written history which goes back 34 centuries, to the time of the Mycenaeans.
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When was an alphabet created?
What was this alphabet based off of? |
At the close of the Dark Age, in about the 8th century BC an alphabet was created based on a Semitic model.
Semitic model: developed by the Conaanites in the Near East. |
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Besides Classical Greek
- alpha, eta and pi - appear in what other forms? |
alpha, eta and pi
also appear the North Semitic, Early Phoenician, Cretan and Early Greek forms from which they developed. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Were the Greek city-states usually at peace? |
No, the city-states warred with one another continually, often on the smallest pretext.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Who was eligible to fight in the army? |
All male citizens were obliged to fight.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Which city-state had professional soldiers? |
Only Sparta had a full-time professional army.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- When was the official battle season? |
The battle season lasted from March to October.
This allowed men to return home to bring in the wine and olive harvest. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- How was the typical way to provoke battle? |
In the agriculture-based economy of the city-states, the main method of provoking an enemy into battle was to destroy his crops, or merely to threaten to destroy them
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GREEK ARMIES
-- When did these city-states come together? |
Greeks were capable of forming an effective national army when they felt themselves under external threat.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- During the classical period, who was the main enemy of Greece? |
In the classical period the main enemy was the PERSIAN EMPIRE; this struggle dominated the early 5th century BC.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- What were the two major victories of Greece over the Persian Empire? |
Greek victories over the Persian Empire:
Marathon in 490 BC 500 BC: conquered the Persian fleet at Salamis |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Who are known as EPHEBOI? |
In Athens, young men between 18 and 20 years old.
Trained in military skills. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Who was able to be called upon to fight? |
Any man between 18 and 60 could be called up, though after 50 he usually assigned to garrison duty.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- What was the backbone of the Greek fighting force? |
backbone: INFANTRY
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GREEK ARMIES
-- INFANTRY: What was a HOPLITE? |
HOPLITE
'armed man' -- A rich citizen who could afford the armour became a hoplite or 'armed man' He had to buy his own bronze helmet, body armour and bronze greaves which covered his legs from knee to ankle. He wore a cloak and leather sandals and carried a short iron sword. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- In battle the HOPLITES were groups into what? |
In battle the HOPLITES were grouped into...
PHALANXES -- Phalanxes: blocks of men drawn up in ranks one behind the other, their spears pointing forwards. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Who was at the center? Who occupied the sides? Who occupied the flanks? |
Hoplites formed the center of the army.
On either side were lightly armed soldiers. The flanks consisted of poorer men who could afford only bows and arrows or slings. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Horsemen / Cavalry? When were they most used based on Greek historical records? |
Horsemen are never mentioned in accounts of the Persian War, but during the Peloponnesian War between Athens & Sparta, cavalry became prominent again.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- Describe what being a horseman or member of the cavalry consisted of. |
Cavalrymen had to be wealthy enough to buy and maintain their own horses.
The horses were not fitted with saddles or stirrups: the men rode bareback or on blankets. Cavalrymen and their horses both wore protective armor. |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- How did Greek cities defend themselves? |
Besides fighting battles outside their cities, the Greeks strongly fortified the cities themselves.
Formed upon hilltops which had been chosen during the Bronze Age for their easily defended position. Ex: Acropolis of Athens (where the natural contours of the rocky hill were emphasised by massive stone walls inside which the population could shelter in time of war.) |
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GREEK ARMIES
-- After the Persian Wars, what did the Athenians do to further fortify Athens? |
After the Persian Wars the Athenians built a stone wall around their port of PIRAEUS and linked it with the walls of Athens by means of a 4 mile walled 'corridor'.
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GREEK ARMIES
-- What was a method used in order to lay siege to a walled town? |
Building huge mounds beside the walls.
Thucydides, in his history of the Peloponnesian War, describes how in 429 BC the Spartans built such a mount against the walls of Plataea in central Greece and from it attacked the battlements with spears, sulphur, pitch and blazing brushwood. After a two-year siege the Plataeans surrendered and were put to death. |
