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30 Cards in this Set

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TRIPLE ALLIANCE
The military alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914. Used as a balancing act between The Great Powers in the Triple Entente. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any two other great powers, even though Italy's commitment was weak at best.
TRIPLE ENTENTE
Alliance between the Great Britain, the France, and Russia. French started it in the 1890's and England came along after the Russo-Japanese War to help maintain the Czarist gov. Helped balance Europe between them and the Triple Alliance. If one country goes to war, then there other one will too (mostly with Germany)
PANSLAVISM
The idea that the Slavic peoples of Europe should be freed from their current states and ruled by the Czar of Russia. Used by Russia to gain influence in Slavic strongholds, especially the Balkans. Nationalism like this threaten Empires,especially the Austria and was a direct source of tension between Austria, Russia, and Serbia.
REVANCHISM
Derived from the French word for Revenge. A term used to describe a political manifestation of the will to reverse losses incurred by a country. Revanchism draws its strength from patrioticthought and is often motivated by economic or geo-political factors, with ideologues that often represent a hawkish stance, suggesting that desired objectives can be achieved through the positive outcome of war. Revanchist politics on mobilizing deep-rooted sentiments of ethnic nationalism, claiming territories outside of the state where members of the ethnic group live, while using nationalism to mobilize support. Most notable was in France, whose's leaders used it to direct for. policy in regards to diplomacy, war, etc. Alsace-Lorraine
ITLALIA IRREDENTA
The movement promoted the annexation to Italy of territories inhabited by an Italian indigenous population but retained by the Austrian Empire after Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. Expanded to other territories, Used ethnic nationalism in similar fashion seen in France. I.I. was perhaps the strongest motive for Italy's entry into World War I.
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
The German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France and Russia. The plan took advantage of expected differences in the three countries' speed in preparing for war. The German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating their troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and move troops to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully. 5/6 to France, 1/6 to Russia. Created by Alfred von Schlieffen, it emphasized speed and the element of surprise. It's flaws included no room for improvisation, assume too much and too little out of the Germany and Russian Armies, respectfully, not taking into the account Belgium resistance, the topography of Belgium, the consequences of ignoring the status of neutral countries, and the fact that Ger. had no other options. In defense, Schlieffen, thinking that the war would be short, that the Belgiums would not resist (bribed), and Gr. Bri. would not intervene, did not create a back up plan.
FRANCIS FERDINAND
heir presumptive to the Austrian Empire. Killed in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, by nationalistic Serbian group dedicated to a greater Serbian Empire at the expense of Austria. Noted as the first shot of World War one, his assassination helped develop a series of events that led to WW1. His death, June 28th, 1914, is an important date. One, it was the 525 anniversity of the Battle of the Black Birds, where hella Serbs died at the hands of an oppressive ruler (Otto. Emp), His visit, which was an attempt to reinforce Austria's power and prestige (esp. after Balkan Wars that created a powerful Serbia), was seen as insulting towards this date.
SOPHIE CHOTEK
Wife of Francis Ferdinand. Due to her not royal background, she was shunned by the Austrian court. This, combined with the 14th anniversary of their marriage, motivated F.F. to take her to Sarajevo, where the two could enjoy each others company without the rules of court life.
LEOPOLD VON BERCHTOLD
Austrian Foreign Minster at the start of WW1. Count Berchtold seized the opportunity to launch punitive action against Serbia (and Russia) and deal the country a mortal blow during the July Crisis. Helped in the creation of the an ultimatum that would blame Serbia and allow for Austria to led an investigation into the death of F.F. Uses the situation to push Ger. into a greater alliance with Austria, claiming that Russia had a greater hand in the assassination. The ultimatum09 and it's rejection by Serbia helped paint the picture of the conflict as Goliath v David. He fires the second shot of the war; he believes that there is a difference between declaring and fighting war, declaring war with Serbia on July 28th, prior to Austria target mobilization date.
CONRAD VON HOETZENDORFF
Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army at the outbreak of World War I. Anti-Serbian as fuck. Though true, he did not want to rush Austria into war, disagreeing with Berchtold about the definition and timing of the war ( he wanted to wait until the 12th of August before declaring war.)
STEFAN TIZA
Hungarian P.M. during the outbreak of WW1. though anti-Serbia, he was hesitent to gage Serbia directly, fearing that any action may increase the number of Serbs in the Empire, thus limiting the influence of ethnic Hungarians. Still, in order to maintain friendship with Germany, he supported the war.
THEOBOLD VON BETHMANN-HOLWEG
Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. Though he was able to diffuse diplomatic tensions (Morocco, Balkan States, often at Germany's expense) between her and Gr. B, he was not able to limit German naval expansion and thus allowing Gr. B to join the Tri, Entente. With July Crisis, he intial took the gamble and nudged Austria to act aggressively while limiting attempts by international agents. By the end of July, though, he help create and support an idea called "Halt at Belgrade" which would defuse tension and allow for Austria to save face, even going as far as supporting Lord Grey's addition of an international investigation of F.F. murder. Still, due to many factors, including limited communication with Kaiser William 2 and the Czar's mobilization on July 30th, limited his power to resolve the disrupts through diplomacy. Final prewar act was his disgust in Britain's dedication to Bel. neutrality. During the war, his power was limited as Ger. military elites took greater control of the country.
SERGEI SAZONOV
Russian For. Minster during WW1. In attempts to weaken Austria, he used PanSlavism to exert Russian influence in the Balkans at the expensive of Austria. He agrees with the Russian Head of Army that Russia needs to mobilize asap and is angry when the Czar goes back on his prior declaration. It is him, the general, head of Duma, and patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church that convinces Czar to reorder total moblization, seen the 3rd shot in the war, since full mobilization, seen as total war, meant going after Austria and Germany.
FRIEDRICH VON PORTALES
German ambassador to Russia, Count Friedrich von Portales
SCHLAMPERLAI
???
HALT IN BELGRADE
Kaiser's attempt to defuse the situation during the July Crisis. Include : Austria Army occupy Belgrade, No annexation of Serbian Terr, Serbia will accept entire ultimatum. This was done to "save face" for Austria. Bethmann does not plead the best case to Austria, both see it has hurting rather than helping. English Ambassor Grey wants to introduce a internation committee to investigate the ass. but this annoys the hell out Austria since they feel they would be blamed for the situation, lose face, and empower Russia.
N.N. JANUSHKEVICH
Chief of Staff of the General Headquarters of the Imperial Russian Army. Emphasized the need for total mobilization. He refused to stop the mobilization since he feared it would hindered Russia's attempt to attack Ger. and dilute the number of Slav's in the army.
RAYMOND POINCARE
Anti-German as fuck. Courts Russia to maintain alliance. Eager for war.
SIDNEY BRADSHAW FAY
An American historian, revisionist historian, whose reexamination of the causes of World War I. Concluded:
1. All the European powers shared in the blame
2.System of secret alliances that divided Europe
3. Austria, Russia, and Serbia started intial shots
4. Militaristic nationalism, propaganda, and economic imperialism at fault
Battle of Tannenberg
place in August 1914 and was a decisive engagement between the Russia and Germany. Germany beats Russia single handly. Moralizes Ger. with two heros while forcing the Czar to take the head of the army. Ger. removes power of cilivian to run war while enemies of Czar conspire when he is gone.
PAUL VON HINDINBURG
Hero of Tanneberg
ERICH LUDENDORFF
Hero of Tanneberg
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Propagandist who developed the political movement Facism. Leader embraces the best qualities of his people and should not be trusted. War is tnot death but an adventure that should be embraces. War produces the best qualities. He was in the pro war camp with the king, invterventionalists, journalists and liberal gov. Irradenta
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
Message intrecepted by British detailing Germ. support if Mexico started a war with America. Ignored by mexico but it angered US alot. One of the reasons america went to war
WOODROW WILSON
28th Pres. Though campaigned for peace, he brings America into the war. "world must be made safe for democracy" Famous for his 14 points of peace, though it was ignored. (big points - no colonies, secret alliances, and LoN.) Makes america an assoicated power. Forces Germany to rely on politicans to organize treaty (leds to Weimar Republic). fails to ratify treaty due to political problems (ignores republicans)
VLADIMIR LENIN
Leader of Soviet Russia. Gains control in Nov. 1917. after being brought back by Germ. "Bread, Land, and Peace" New rules for USSR:
1. No annexation or immeditities
2. releases secret documents in order to embaress folk (The wawr is for power not freedom)
3. Calls for the workesr to rise
4. Moves capital to Moscow
5. Opens peace talks with Ger.
Forces peace via pr stunt so Russia can focus on itself/revolution
BREST-LITOVSK
Treaty enacted by Lenin. Previous peaces talks failed due to Russia stubborness on Poland and Trotsky's message of revolution. With Ger. advancing and Lenin threating to resign, Russia comes to the table. Terms include:
1. Ukraine becomes a german sat.
2. Russia surrenders 200 yrs of gains
3. Finland and Balic states become "independent" (ger. controlled)
4. Russia remove army from turkey
Helped both : ger. wins politically, urkaine for food, and move army to west. Allows russia to organize herself at home
VERSAILLES

ARTICLE 231

ARTICLE 232
Ended World War 1. Articles produced the War Guilt clauses, that pinned the blame on to Germany, forcing her to give up land, money, colonies, and her military might.
STAB IN THE BACK THEORY
The idea the it was the German politicans who sold out to the the enemies.
FRITZ FISCHER/ FISCHER THESIS
By 1961, Fischer, who had risen to the rank of full professor at the University of Hamburg, rocked the history profession with his first postwar book, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegzielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918 (published in English as Germany's Aims in the First World War), in which he argued that Germany had deliberately instigated the First World War in an attempt to become a world power.[1] In this book, which was primarily concerned with the role played in the formation of German foreign policy by domestic pressure groups, Fischer argued that various pressure groups within German society had ambitions for aggressive imperialist policy in Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East.[1] In Fischer's opinion, the "September Program" of September 1914 calling for the annexation of most of Europe and Africa was an attempt at compromise between the various demands of the lobbying groups within German society for wide-ranging territorial expansion.[1] Fischer argued that the German government deliberately and consciously used the crisis occasioned by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the summer of 1914 to execute already preformulated plans for a war against France and Russia in order to create Mitteleuropa, a German-dominated Europe and Mittelafrika, a German-dominated Africa.[8] Though Fischer argued that the German government did not want a war with Britain at that moment, they were fully preparded to run the risk in pursuit of Mitteleuropa and Mittelafrika.[8]