Europe Organizer 3

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Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

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Portuguese; founded the center for exploration and the study of ocean navigation

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"Glory, Gold, God"

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The primary motives for European discovery and colonization

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Protestant Reformation

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The religious reform movement that ditheSe the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups; Shows failure of the Catholic church to account for the humanist perspective of the world

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Erasmus (1466-1536)

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Influencial Christian humanist who formulated the reform program of Christian humanism; originally a Catholoc monk and philosopher

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Indulgences

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Using priests to talk to God; paying money to the church for forgiveness from sin

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Martin Luther

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Catholic monk and professor who recognized many problems in the Catholic doctrine and worked to reform it, helping create Protestantism

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95 Theses

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A response by Martin Luther to the abuse of the people by the Church; specific protests to the Catholic doctrine

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Peace of Augsburg (1555)

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Brought about an end of religious warfare in Germany; acknowledged division of Christianity and gave Lutheran and Catholic states = legal rights; freedom of religion for individuals not recognized

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John Calvin

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Created Calvinism and the Presbyterian chruch; Swiss; originally a Catholic cleric; predestination

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Justification by faith

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Idea that faith determines whether ones destination after death; idea that faith is required for one to be considered a Christian

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Predestination

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Idea by J Calvin that one's destination at death is determined at birth; works don't matter; leads to search for signs and being straitlaced

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"the elect"

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People who are destined to go to heaven at death; thru predestination

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Henry VIII

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King of England with many daughters and wives but no sons; created the Church of England so divorce from Catherine of Aragon would be possible; leader = former archbishop of Canterbury

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Catherine of Aragon

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Wife of Henry VIII who couldn't give him any sons; catholic heir to Aragon throne; divorced thru creation of Anglican church for maid-in-waiting Anne Boleyn

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Act of Supremacy (1534)

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Declaration stating the king was "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"; by Henry VIII

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"Bloody Mary"

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Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; burned over 300 Protestant heretics

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Anabaptists

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Radical reformers of the Protestant Reformation; believed that the true Christian church was a voluntary association of believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized into the church by choice

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Jesuits

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Society of Jesus; on grounds of absolute obedience to the papacy, strict social hierarchy, and dedication to engage in "conflict with God"

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Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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When group of high official church met in Trent; reaffirmed Catholoc teachings, prohibited selling of indulgences but strengthened the use of them

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Huguenots

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Name for French Calvinists/Protestants who posed a serious threat to Catholicism

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Henry Navarre (Henry IV)

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French Huguenot; Bourbon king who had converted to Protestantism; "politique" who converted to Catholicism for the nation

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"Paris is worth a mass"

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Quote by Henry Navarre speaking of his conversion

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Edict of Nantes, 1598

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Guaranteed French Huguenots the right to follow their religion, but public display was prohibited

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Phillip II (Spain)

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Spanish absolutist who used wealth and religion to project his power; inability to control vast lands led to religious revolts by Calvinists

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Elizabeth I (England)

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Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; Protestant queen and politique who reformed the Anglican church slightly to accomodate Catholics

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Spanish Armada (1588)

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A Catholic fleet that was the most formidable naval force up until this time; made of large ships that were cumbersome and hard to maneuver

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Hapsburgs

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A dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors and Spanish leaders during the Thirty Years War

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Peace of Westphalia

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Ended the war in Germany in 1648 and proclaimed that all German states were free to determine their own religion

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"one king, one church, one law"

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A quote believed by absolutist leaders of Europe

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Other than Columbus' voyage, what occurred in 1492 to spur overseas discovery?

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"Reconquista"- reconquest of Muslims; moors driven out of Spain; purifying Spain as Catholic; many Muslims became merchants

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Why did the Iberian peninsula become the center of "New World" discovery?

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Maritime orientation; Strait of Gibraltar; support; strong economy; relative location

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Who was Martin Luther and what did he find so disturbing about the Catholoc church of his time?

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German, Catholic monk; indulgences, salvation by works, pope is infallible, authority of church over law, economic powercand wealth of church

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What were the central beliefs of Calvinist reformers? How did their ideas challenge the current authority structure?

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Predestination and justification by faith; Catholicism believed in salvation by works

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How was the English Reformation different from that which occurred in other parts of Europe?

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Rooted in politics, not religion; Henry VIII needed heir, made Church of England for this reason

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What elements/ideas made up the Catholic Reformation, aka the "Counter-Reformation?"

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Jesuits founded; reformed papacy; Council of Trent, clear doctrine created

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How did France demonstrate internal tension during the Reformation?

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Growth of Calvinism creates opposition to the crown, who often persecuted Huguenots; Huguenot king Henry Navarre converts to Catholicism

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What role did Spain see itself filling during this time? What steps did she take to fill this role?

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Chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics; "holy league" against Turkey, attempt to convert Calvinists in Netherlands

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How did religious turmoil of the 16th and early 17th centuries (Reformation-era) foster greater nationalism and rivalry in Europe?

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Rivalries between nations with different religions and love of one's own religion led to greater nationalism

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What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)?

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Causes: mixed religions in many kingdoms of Holy Roman Empore creates tension, Catholics vs Protestants becomes international conflict
Results: Treaty of Westphalia, HRE dissolved, states independent with own religions, Switzerland and Netherlands emerge, 1/2 German popualtion dead