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85 Cards in this Set
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Nichiolas II |
Russian Tsar - unable to provide effective WWI leadership - shaky authority after October Revolution 1905 - Corruption of Royal Court, much power to his wife Alexandra - Wanted to personally command Russian troops - little ability to override domestic discontent and resistance - monarchy collapsed |
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Bolsheviks |
Branch of Russian socialism - overthrew provisional government - "members of the majority" - Demanded: end to war, improvement in working conditions, redistribution of aristocratic land to peasants - Once in power: expelled parties that disagreed with them, created entirely soviet government, created Constituent Assembly, nationalized banks, gave workers control of factories, sought to take Russia out of the war |
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Lenin |
leader of Bolsheviks - Russian Capitalism made socialist revolution possible - Bolsheviks needed to organize on behalf of the new class of industrial workers - disciplined leadership that allwoed Bolsheviks to remain minority among Social Democrats -Shunned collaboration with "bourgeois" government and condemned imperialist war policies - very radical - "Peace, Land, and Bread Now" "All power to the Soviets" - Led Bolsheviks in October Revolution attack on Provisional Government |
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Soviets |
group emerging after revolution on National Women's day. -Soviet: Russian term for local councils eleceted by workers and soldiers, socialists active in organizing these councils |
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Provisional Government |
emerged in Russia after the National Women's Day Revolution which overthrew the monarchy - mainly middle class liberals - democratic system under constitutional rule - main task: set up national election for constituent assembly and grant secure civil liberties to release political prisoners, redirect power into the hands of local officials |
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Treaty of Versailles |
end of WWI Pari Peace Conference Settlement between Germany and the Big Four - Germany had to surrender territory - disarmament - forbidden air force - reduced navy - capped army - removed soldiers and fortifications from the Rhineland -"War Guilt" clause - Reparations |
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War Communism (Russian Civil War) |
Bolshevik used this strategy as a more radical economic stance in Russian Civil War - took control of large scale industry - allowed for some small sclae private econoimc activity - requisitioned grain from peasants - outlawed private trade in consumer goods - militarized production facilities - abolished money - sustained Bolshevik military effort, disrupted war ravaged economy Devastated Russian Industry and emptied major cities |
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Joseph Stalin |
Replaced Lenin - success rooted in intraparty conflicts - "Revolution from Above" - Five Year Plane: - collectivism - forced industrialism - command economy - heavy industry > light industry - women enter urban workforce - conservative shift in art, cultures, family |
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Collectivism |
peasants would pool their resources and join collective farms or work on state farms as paid laborers - often resisted by peasants - caused by rebellions stopped by military - facilitated by Stalin via kulaks (well to do farmers) - peasants were uprooted, dispossessed of their property and resettled from their farmlands to reaches of Soviet North or poor farmland - Stalin saw it as providing resources for other major aspect of his revolution: rapid campaign for forced industrialization |
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Great Terror |
Stalin's elimination of his enemies and personal dictator strengthening - eliminated enemies from top to bottom - labor camps, prison sentences, executions - purges of the Bolshevik party - peasants, petty criminals, social misfits - solidified Stalin's personal control over all aspects of social and political life - completely reordered politics, economy and society to make it industrial, urban, and modern |
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Mussolini |
leader of fascist movement in Italy - coercive policies made him look like the solution when National Regime weakened - negotiated with other parties for fascist participation - parliament folded and gave him cabinet - used power to create one party dictatorship - dual position of prime minister and party leader - used intimidation and violence - preached the end of class conflict, replaced with national unity - took power away from labor movement - earned support of working class with state sponsored programs |
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Fascism |
- fasces: ax surrounded by bundle of sticks - Three Components: - Statism- nothin above, against, or outside the state - nationalism - nationhood is highest form of society - militarism - nations that did not expand would die - sought to restore traditional authority while mobilizing Italian society, gave people the fake feeling that they were politically involved |
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Anti Semitism |
hatred of Jews, they were used as scapegoat for the war and other problems in Europe |
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Hitler |
- leader of small group of national militants refusing to accept Germany's defeat - blamed Germany's problems on communists and Jews - Chancellor - propaganda, storm troopers, executions, violence - promised to restore Germany to its former glory and "overthrow" the Versailles settlement - full scale rearmament and economic self sufficiency - stripped working class of power, outlawed trade unions and strikes, frozen wages, organized workers and employers into National Labor Front |
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Kristallnacht |
- SA attack on Jewish stores, synagogues, and Jews - "Night of Broken Glass" - made it clear that there was no safe place in Germany for Jewish people |
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Great Depression |
- instability of national currencies - interdependence of national economies - drop in world agricultural prices - unable to make profit on international market - restriction on free trade - NY Stock Exchange Collapsed --> US was national creditor- immediate effects in Europe |
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Appeasement |
- most controversial policy of allies against aggression Grounded in three assumptions: -Doing anything t provoke another war was unthinkable - many in Britain and the US said Germany had been mistreated by Versailles treaty - Staunch Anticommunist beliefs |
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Hitler-Stalin Pact |
Key Terms: nonintervention in German and Soviet 'spheres of influence' in Eastern Germany - Stalin feared Germany and Western Powers would form an alliance at Soviet expense due to appeasement policies - Showed Stalin and Soviet Union put own interests first |
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Blitskreig |
'lightning war' - style of fighting utilized by the Germans - enabled them to quickly take over land - isolated and overwhelmed other armies |
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Operation Barbarossa |
- Nazi invasion of Soviet Union - Ideological and Racial hatred for Slavs, Jews, and Marxists - captured communist officials, political agitators, and hostile civilians - as it progressed they herded Jewish populations into ghettos |
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Stalingrad |
turning point in the war on Eastern front - Germany tried to take city to break Soviet Industry - Bitter Battle - More than 5 months - prompted a series of attacks pushing back Germans |
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Yalta Conference |
meeting among FDRm Churchill, Stalin, held in 1945 to plan postwar order after WWII |
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Marshall Plan |
economic aid package given to Europe by the US after WWII to promote reconstruction and economic development and to secure Western European countries from a feared communist take over |
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Stalin |
Bolshevik leader who succeeded Lenin in Soviet Union |
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Truman Doctrine |
declaration promising US economic and military intervention to counter any attempt made by the Soviet Union to expand its influence - key moment in the origins of the Cold War |
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NATO |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - declared that an armed attack against any one of the members would be regarded as an attack against all |
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Cold War |
ideological, political, and economic conflict in which the USSR and Eastern Europe opposed the US and Western Europe in the decades after WWII. Cold War's origins- break up of wartime alliance between US and USSR and division of Europe into two spheres - West: committed to market capitalism - East: sought to build socialist republics in areas under Soviet Control |
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Khrushchev |
leader of USSR during Cuban missile crisis after Stalin - reformed and criticized Stalin --> his downfall - directness helped to ease some tensions - Desire to ease international conflict --> summit meeting helped to ease some tension |
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Thaw |
Khrushchev Thaw: - period from 1950s-1960s when repression and censorship in the USSR were relaxed and millions of political prisoners were released from Gulags |
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European Common Market |
Created by Treaty of Rome - sought to abolish trade barriers between members, against common external tariffs, the free movement of labor and capital among the member nations, and uniform wage structures and social security systems to create similar working conditions in all member countries |
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Decolonization |
Chinese Revolution started a wave, European Empires began to disintegrate, opposition to colonial rule had stiffened, European states had to renegotiate the terms of empire, European states withdrew in some regions, in others nationalist movements successfully demanded constitutions and independence and in some European powers were drawn into complicated, multifaceted and violent struggles between different movements of indigenous people and different European settlements |
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Apartheid |
racial segregation policy of Afrikaner-dominated South African government |
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Birth Control Pill |
oral contraceptive that became widely available in the mid 1960s. For the first time, women had a simple method of birth control that they could take themselves |
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Civil Rights Movement |
WWII increased African American migration from the American south to northern cities, intensifying a drive for rights, dignity, and independence. Boycotts and demonstrations directed at discriminations to bring equality |
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Alexander Dubcek |
communist leader of Czech government who advocated for "socialism with a human face" and encouraged debate within the party, academic and artistic freedom, less censorship, leading to "Prague Spring" |
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Prague Spring |
period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia between January and August 1968- expanding freedom and openness in Eastern Bloc ended when USSR and countries from Warsaw Pact invaded |
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Lech Walesa |
leader of polish labor movement solidarity, which organized a series of strikes across Poland in 1980 to protest working conditions, shortages, and high prices. Demanded an independent labor union. Leaders were imprisoned and union banned --> new series of strikes allowed for solidarity and open elections |
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Mikhail Gorbachev |
Soviet leader who attempted to reform USSR through glasnost and perestroika. Encouraged open discussions - helped inspire velvet revolutions throughout Eastern Europe- led to breakup of USSR |
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Perestroika |
"Restructuring" - basic economic and political reforms - restructured state bureaucracy - reduced privileges of political elite - shift from the centrally planned economy to a mixed economy, combining planning with the operations of market forces |
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Glasnost |
"openness" - called for transparency in Soviet government and institutional activities by reducing censorship in mass media and lifting significant bans on the political , intellectual and cultural lives of Soviet civilians |
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Velvet Revolutions |
peaceful political revolutions throughout Eastern Europe in 1989 |
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nationalism |
movement to unify a country under on government based on perceptions of the population's common history, customs, and social htradition |
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Slobodan Milosevic |
Serbian nationalist politician who became president of Serbia and whose policies during the Balkan wards of the early 1990s led to the deaths of thousands of Croatians, Bosnian Muslims, Albanians, and Kosovars. Arrested and tried for war crimes after leaving office in 2000 |
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Nicholas II |
declared there will never be a representative government in Russia, was a terrible leader of the war efforts and tone deaf reactionary |
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Provisional Government |
liberal platform where liberals and moderate socialists tried to run the provisional government until elections could form a new constitutional republic but stalled because of fears of making non democratic executive divisions |
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Dual Power |
idea of provisional government vs. the soviets in Russia after the civil war/revolutions |
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Kronstadt Uprising |
major unsuccessful uprising against Bolsheviks during the later years of the russian Civil War |
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comintern |
communist international, all communist parties would be connected with the Soviet Union, meant that there were foreign powers, alternative authority, different loyalties threatened to bring down states |
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Stab in the Back Legend |
blamed street violence on losing the war, not the war itself. Didn't blame the monarchs, blamed people who did not like the war: such as left, democrats, socialists, etc. of selling out the soldiers and country for democratic intentions. This legend was most powerful in Germany who believed they should have won |
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Fascism |
right authoritarian, authoritarian nationalism, violent militarism. Claims to transcend left and right socialism with national honor. Militant nationalism, proclaiming racial and cultural superiority of the dominant ethnic group, adulation of s ingle charismatic leader, almost like a return to monarchism. Emphasis on necessity for national unity, strong state, clothing used to show unity and power, conformity, and representation of same ideals. Militant anti communism, anti socialist, anti liberal, anti democratic. Aggressive and militaristic foreign policy. State regulation of the economy. Brings groups together while separating them from their enemies |
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communism |
left authoritarian (authoritarian socialism) Anti democratic version, authoritarian socialism like how fascism is authoritarian nationalism. Defined themselves as anti socialist, similar ideologies but separate groups made them enemies |
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National Socialism |
right authoritarian, Nazism. German Variant. Type of fascism to the extreme, takes militant violent fascism to endpoint |
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totalitarianism |
National Socialism (Nazism) + Stalinism - wanted to control human nature, control everything that the people did, wanted the government to control everything |
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Young Plan |
program for settling German reparation debts after WWI, written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930 |
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Socialism in One Country |
theory put forth y Stalin, adopted by Soviet Union. Consolidate power, needed rapid industrialization, urbanization, and modernization in order to complete |
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Popular Front |
fascism vs. communism on an international scene - anti fascism, League of Nations, World Community |
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Spanish Civil War |
showed international escalating tensions between fascism and communism- fascism won |
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Blitzkreig |
'lightning war' offense strategy of the Germans that led to a rapid string of victories |
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Berlin Blockade |
Soviets cut of all traffic to West Berlin as a goal to claim it- created two independent Germanys, allies airlifted supplies - Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic republic - East Germany: no free institutions, communist party dominance, purges on concentration camps West Germany: free institutions, Christian Center Conservative parties, psychological dependence on the US |
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Marshall Plan |
US Strategy in Cold war, give economic aid instead of reparations to West Germany to help rebuild the European economy |
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NATO |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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COMECON |
part of Soviet strategy- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, economic organization under the leadership of the Soviet Union |
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Warsaw Pact |
collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet Satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe - military complement to COMECON- crated in reaction of the integration of West Germany into NATO as balance of power to NATO, ideological conflict, no actual fighting occurred |
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Satyagraha (Gandhi) |
protest through nonviolence, civil disobedience, to modernize India as a secular state inclusive ot both Muslims and Hindus - Gandhi protested for the rights on Indians |
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Salt March and Salt Acts |
Britain's salt Acts: forced Indians to buy heavily taxed salt, not local salt. Salt March was a form of satyagraha- marched to the ocean to make their own salt- exposed injustice of colonial rule, forced a new dialogue with Britain as a model for inclusive, peaceful national unity |
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Pied Noir (colons) in Algeria |
Christian and Jewish colonists in Algeria |
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Setif Massacre |
official march to mark French Victory over the Nazis; returning Algerian soldiers to participate, but tensions in Algeria- demands for more rights for the Muslim population. French fired on the protestors in disproportionate retaliation |
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FLN (National Liberation Front) |
the only constitutional legal party in Algeria from 1962 to 1989- was a continuation of the revolutionary body that directed the Algerian was or independence against France |
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Paris Massacre |
French army tries to reassert prestige, French colonists don't want France to leave Algeria. Attempted coup in Algeria leads to a recall of Charles de Gaulle as a leader of France, FLN bombs France- October peaceful march turns bloody when police attack protestors |
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Mutually Assured Destruction |
new nuclear capability makes it too risky to go to war |
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spheres of influence |
despite NATO rhetoric and anti-communist talk, all sides understand that the Eastern Bloc is in the Soviet sphere of influence
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Berlin Wall Crisis |
migration from the East Germany plagues socialist development, 2 million East Germans leave for the West through Berlin, Hard Line Intervention, Khrushchev order construction of Wall |
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Proxy Wars |
between US and USSR in the third world, escalated in significance by the worlds systems and nuclear arms race |
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extensive strategy (economic) |
strategy to fix economy by expanding the labor force, with heavy government subsidies for food and heavy industry |
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Intensive Strategy (economic) |
strategy to fix economy by improving technology and productivity |
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Prague Spring |
Czechoslovakia's intense economic modernization debates, greater self determination, not to abandon Marxism, but to build socialism with a human face - legacies: rehabilitation of non soviet marxism in western Europe, total discrediting of Marxism in Western Europe, total discrediting of Marxism in Eastern Europe - Goulash Communism as way to satisfy people Dissidents- expose hollowness of the system by living the truth |
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Goulash Communism |
halfway attempt to satisfy people after the Prague Spring by giving them food |
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Detente |
the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries- between the US and USSR- relaxing of inner tensions after growth of international public |
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Helsinki Accords |
1975- guaranteed 1945v borders (giving USSR security) but expects shared human rights values (giving leverage to dissident groups) Eastern European Nascent Civil Society- Helsinki watch groups formed to make sure the Helsinki was upheld |
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Charter 77 |
group created to insist the Czechoslovak government follow its own constitution, new bold move- signers use their own names, living as if they were free, and there was not a brutal crackdown- drew international attention |
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Catholic Church (in Poland) |
Poland was the first to organize a true mass movement for the re-creation of a civil society through Catholicism and a solidarity movement. The Catholic Church offered an alternative unifying ideology |
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John Paul II |
Polish Pope able to outwit the communist party |
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Solidarity Movement |
Polish Catholic Church offers separate public and private space to host alternative views |
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Lech Walesa |
Polish politician and labor activist who co founded and headed the Solidarity- Soviet bloc's first independent trade union |
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Mikhail Gorbachev |
eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and orientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the cold war |
