Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Old Regime
|
-political and social system
-France -before the French Revolution *3 large social classes-->estates |
|
|
First Estate
|
-clergy
-Roman Catholic Church -scorned Enlightenment ideas -less than 1%-->owned 10% of land -high offices -exempt from taxes -provided education and relief services to poor -contributed 2% of income to government |
|
|
Second Estate
|
-rich nobles
-highest offices of government -disagreed about Enlightenment ideas -->threatened their status and power as privileged persons -2% of population-->20% of land -paid almost no taxes |
|
|
Third Estate
|
Bourgeoisie-->middle class merchants and artisans
-->well educated, Enlightenment ideal liberty and equality Urban lower class-->workers, cooks, servants -->low wages, frequently out of work, hungry Peasant farmers-->more than 80% of population -->paid half income to nobles, tithes, taxes -no power to influence government -embraced Enlightenment ideas -resented clergy and nobles |
|
|
bourgeoisie
|
-middle class
-merchants and artisans -first group of Third Estate -well-educated -strongly believed in Enlightenment ideals of equality and liberty |
|
|
Louis XVI
|
King of France- 1786
-exacerbated debt by borrowing heavily in order to help American revolutionaries against British -indecisive -put off duties as leader-->bankruptcy |
|
|
Marie Antoinette
|
-wife of Louis XVI
-member of royal family in Austria, enemy of France-->unpopular -spent a lot of money on gowns, jewels, gifts --> "Marie Deficit" |
|
|
Estates-General
|
-assembly of representatives
-all three estates -bankruptcy-->Louis forced to call meeting of Estates General to get approval for tax reform -medieval rules: each estate had one vote -->first two estates have power to outvote third |
|
|
National Assembly
|
-French congress
-representatives of Third Estate -enact laws and reforms in name of French people -each delegate counted as vote -->advantage to Third Estate |
|
|
Tennis Court Oath
|
1789
-pledge -National Assembly -continue meeting until drawn up new constitution -Result: Louis orders nobles and clergy to join Third Estate in National Assembly |
|
|
Great Fear
|
-senseless panic
-French countryside -result of storming of Bastille in 1789 -caused by rumors of foreign massacre and terrorizing of peasants -force king and queen out of Versailles -anger, violence, rioting, killing, force, chaos, disorder --->change of power and radical reforms |
|
|
Social
causes of the French Revolution |
-unequal opportunities
-unequal taxation -Third Estate-->98% population, least rights, taxes -First and Second Estate-->2% population, most land, no taxes -->unfair --->resentment of lower classes -Enlightenment ideals: equality, liberty, nature, democracy |
|
|
Economic
causes of the French Revolution |
-Louis XVI spends money on American Revolution
-->doubles debt --->bankruptcy -bad weather-->crop failures-->grain shortage-->starvation -taxes -high price of bread -hunting rights to nobles only |
|
|
Political
causes of the French Revolution |
-king could arrest without trial
-Old Regime- Estate General rules -->all estates one vote -->only clergy and nobles hold government office -weak leadership of Louis XVI -->indecisive -->borrowed heavily -->allowed matters to drift -->put off dealing with emergency --->bankruptcy |
|
|
Intellectual
causes of the French Revolution |
-Enlightenment ideas
-->equality -->liberty -->democracy -->nature -Enlightenment philosophers -->Locke -->Voltaire -->Voltaire -success of American Revolution |
|
|
Events leading to the French Revolution
|
Meeting of Estates-General
-medieval rules-->1st and 2nd privilege -larger 3rd estate change gov -determination -dramatic speech --->National Assembly Establishment of National Assembly -end of absolute monarchy -->representative monarchy Tennis Court Oath -3rd Estate locked out -->stay out until new constitution --->Louis orders nobles and clergy to join 3rd Estate in National Assembly Storming of Bastille -rumors of foreign massacre -weapons -gunpowder -->overwhelm king's soldiers, Bastille falls to control of citizens --->Great Fear |
|
|
Political
goals of the Revolution/National Assembly |
-government positions
-republic -limited monarchy -even power distribution -secularism -freedom of religion |
|
|
Economic
goals of the Revolution/National Assembly |
-lower/fairer taxes
-lower bread price -all classes pay taxes -relieve food shortages |
|
|
Social
goals of the Revolution/National Assembly |
-natural rights
-separate church and state -equality -liberty -social equality -->no privileges for aristocracy -better treatment of poor -freedoms of religion and speech |
|
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man
|
1789
-revolutionary ideals -adapted by National Assembly Political: -3rd Estate more power -resist oppression -commoners in gov -freedom of speech and relgion Social: -equality -abolish feudal privileges -freedom of speech and religion Economic: -reform tax code -everyone paying -->women no rights -->slavery -->No Protestant or Jew rights |
|
|
Legislative Assembly
|
-constitution of 1791
-French congress -power to create laws and approve declarations of war Radicals: -left side of hall -opposed king and monarchy -sweeping gov changes -->common people full power in republic Moderates: -center of hall -some gov changes Conservatives: -right side of hall -upheld idea of limited monarchy -few gov changes |
|
|
emigres
|
-people who leave native country for political reasons
-peasant uprisings-->nobles flee *extremely conservatives -hoping to undo Revolution and restore Old Regime |
|
|
sans-culottes
|
"those without knee breeches"
*extreme left/radical -Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers -want: -->greater voice in government -->lower prices -->end of food shortages -no role in Assembly-->influence Jacobin Club |
|
|
Jacobins
|
1792
-most radical political club -violent speeches -wanted to remove king and establish republic -tried Louis for treason-->guilty -->death sentence |
|
|
guillotine
|
-machine
-beheading people -execution -thousands died, including Louis XVI -Reign of Terror -efficient, humane, democratic-->feel no pain |
|
|
Maximilien Robespierre
|
-"republic of virtue"
-wipe out monarchy and nobility -leader of Committee of Public Safety -->governor of France -nearly dictator during Reign of Terror -terror enables citizens to remain true to ideals of Revolution -->killing w/o trial -->censorship -->no freedom of speech -->no religion |
|
|
Committee of Public Safety
|
-identify enemies of the republic
-led by Maximilien Robespierre -often had people tried in morning and guillotined in same afternoon -deal with inflation, insurrection, inflation -dictatorial powers -terror |
|
|
Reign of Terror
|
-mid 1793-mid 1794
-Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as dictator -thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens executed |
|
|
National Assembly's constitution of 1791
(positives and negatives) |
Positives:
-natural rights -balance of powers -anyone can hold gov position -->elected by people -freedom of press, speech, religion -king no stronger than law -active vs. passive citizen Negative: -still high taxes -women don't have rights -protects private property -money requirement for voting -->prevents poor from voting -keep mob silent |
|
|
Jacques Hebert
|
(Reign of Terror)
-leader of most radical wing of Jacobins -terror tactics to "dechristianize" France -anti-Catholic -blamed France's troubles on Catholic Church -wanted to declare war on Catholic Church -France almost entirely Catholic for over 1,000 years |
|
|
Georges Danton
|
(Reign of Terror)
-most moderate of the radical Jacobin leaders -spring of 1794-->wanted to stop killing/terror -agreed with Robespierre that Hebert and Hebertists had to go -Robespierre suspected he had something to hide -arrested-->convicted of corruption -->death "Be sure to show my head to the people. It is well worth the trouble." "I would rather be guillotined than guillotine further." |
|
|
Law of the Maximum
|
(Reign of Terror)
-attempt to stop inflation -tells storekeepers and merchants maximum they could charge for items -caught overcharging-->harsh punishment -make examples of those caught -->frighten others into obeying --->Did not stop inflation, but slowed it down |
|
|
"Levee en Masse"/universal conscription
|
(Reign of Terror)
-deal with foreign armies on French soil -everyone in France ordered to do duty to save revolution -young men go to front -married men forge arms and carry food -women make tents, clothing and work in hospitals -children turn old linen into bandages -old men rouse courage and teach hated of kings and Republican unity |
|
|
Law of 22 Prairial
|
(Reign of Terror)
-drawn up by Robespierre personally -special new court -try people accused of being "enemies of the people" -acquittal or death -permanent jury of seven -accused not allowed lawyers or witnesses -thousands killed |
|
|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
-military leader
-coup d'etat -several reforms -concordat with pope -Napoleonic Code -crowns self emperor -conqueror -blockade -continental system -craves power -always wanted to fight |
|
|
coup d'etat
|
"blow of the state"
-sudden seizure of political power -Napoleon's seizure of power |
|
|
plebiscite
|
-direct vote
-country's people approve or reject proposal -one held to approve constitution which gave all real power to Napoleon as first consul |
|
|
lycee
|
-government-run
-school -France -Napoleon set them up to provide government with trained officials -students included children of rich and poor |
|
|
concordat
|
-formal agreement
-usually between pope and government -deal with Church affairs -Napoleon signs one with Pope Pius in which gov recognizes influence of church, but rejects church control in national affairs -->separates church and state in France |
|
|
Napoleonic Code
|
-comprehensive and uniform system of laws
-limited many injustices -promoted order and authority -limited liberty -took away women's right to sell property -restricted freedoms of speech and press -restored slavery |
|
|
Battle of Trafalgar
|
-1805 naval battle
-Napoleon's forces defeated by British fleet -British commander Horatio Nelson -assured supremacy of British navy -forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading Britain -France vs. Third Coalition (British, Russia, Austria, Sweden) |
|
|
How did Napoleon grasp power?
|
-great military leader
-defeated royalist rebels -defeated Austrian troops -in charge of military -Legislative votes to dissolve Directory -->3 consuls -dictatorial power as first consul of French republic -->coup d'etat -plebiscite |
|
|
Napoleon's Reforms of Economy
|
Goals of Revolution:
-equal taxation -lower inflation Napoleon's Actions: -fairer tax code -national bank -stabilized currency -state loans to businesses Results: -equal taxation -stable economy |
|
|
Napoleon's Reforms of Government and Society
|
Goals of Revolution:
-less government corruption -equal opportunity in government Napoleon's Actions: -appointed officials by merit -fired corrupt officials -lycees -code of laws Results: -honest officials -equal government opportunity -public education |
|
|
Napoleon's Reforms of Religion
|
Goals of Revolution:
-less powerful Catholic Church -religious tolerance Napoleon's Actions: -recognized Catholicism as "faith of Frenchmen" -concordat with pope -retained seized church lands Results: -religious tolerance -government control of church lands -government recognition of church influence |
|
|
Did Napoleon achieve Revolution's goals?
|
Yes:
-reduced government corruption -equal opportunity in government -fairer tax code -separate church and state No: *Napoleonic Code* -limited liberty -took away women's right to sell property -restricted freedoms of speech and press -restored slavery |
|
|
blockade
|
-use of troops or ships
-prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving region -Napoleon ordered blockade to prevent trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations |
|
|
Continental System
|
-Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe
-intended to destroy Great Britain's economy -meant to make continental Europe self-sufficient -ended up hurting Napoleon and weakening France's economy -smugglers brought cargo from Britain into Europe -Napoleon's brother, Louis king of Holland, defied policy -Britain responds with own blockade |
|
|
guerilla
|
-loosely organized
-fighting force -surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying country -Sp. guerillas struck at Fr. armies when they went through Sp. to invade Portugal -fled into hiding-->Napoleon could not defeat them in open battle |
|
|
Peninsular War
|
1808-1813
-Sp. rebels with aid of Br. forces fought to drive Fr. troops out of Sp. -Spanish guerillas -Napoleon loses 300,000 men--> weakens Fr. empire -causes nationalism in Sp. and elsewhere |
|
|
scorched-earth policy
|
-burning crops and killing livestock during wartime
-enemy cannot live off land -Russia used this against France when Napoleon invaded--> SUCCESSFUL -soldiers deserted French army to search for food -many died of hunger |
|
|
Waterloo
|
-village in Belgium
-Napoleon attacked British army -Prussian army fought with British against French -defeat against France ended Napoleon's last bid for power |
|
|
Hundred Days
|
-brief period during 1815
-Napoleon made last bid for power -deposes French king and again becomes French emperor |
