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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Philip II
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-son of Charles V
-ruler of Spain -religious -Spanish Armada-->Protestant England |
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absolute monarch
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-king or queen
-unlimited power -goal was to control all aspects of society |
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El Greco
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"the Greek"
-artist -deep Catholic faith -unusual techniques --->clashing colors --->distort human figure --->symbolic emotion -painted saints and martyrs as long-limbed figures |
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Causes of Absolutism
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-decline of feudalism
-rise of cities -growth of national kingdoms/rising nationalism -growing middle class -Protestant Reformation-->religious and territorial conflicts |
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What was the source of Philip II's wealth and how did he use it?
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-gold and silver supplied by America
-claimed a fourth or fifth of each shipload of treasure as royal share -supported large army of 50,000 soldiers |
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How did Charles V divide his empire?
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half to brother, Ferdinand
half to son, Philip II -Ferdinand- Austria and Holy Roman Empire -Philip II- Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies |
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Diego Velazquez
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-court painter to Philip IV of Spain
-portraits of royal family and scenes of court life -rich colors |
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Spain Inflation and Taxes
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-increased population-->demand food-->increased prices
-silver bullion floods market-->value decrease -->took more silver to buy things -expelled Jews and Muslims-->lost artisans and businesspeople -Spain's nobles did not pay taxes-->tax on lower classes-->could not start own business-->no middle class |
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Don Quixe de la Mancha
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-book
-written by Miguel de Cervantes -some believed it mocked chivalry -others believed: idealistic person longing for romantic past, frustrated with materialistic world |
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Jan Vermeer
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-Dutch artist
-domestic, indoor settings -painted women doing familiar activities (i.e. pouring milk from jug or reading letter) -fascinated with effects of light |
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Rembrandt van Rijn
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-Dutch artist
-portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants *produced group portraits -"The Syndics"- group of city officials --->Individuality of each man: facial expression and posture -contrasts of light and shadow draw attention to faces |
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Dutch Trading Empire
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-stable government
-poor harvest in S. Europe-->shipped grain -W. Europe short lumber-->Dutch merchants ship Scandinavian lumber to Spain, France, Italy, England -largest fleet of ships in world *bankers of Europe* -trade routes of the Atlantic |
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Dutch Revolt
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1566-1579
Spain- Catholic, sluggish economy Netherlands- Protestant, trade and middle class -Philip raised taxes in Netherlands --->Protestants destroyed religious paintings and statues in Catholic churches -William of Orange=Dutch leader (political, NOT religious) --->lost battles-->opened floodgates-->drove Spanish troops out -7 Northern provinces of Netherlands- Protestants, Netherlands -10 Southern provinces- Catholic, Belgium, Spanish control |
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Henry IV
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-first king of Bourdon dynasty
-France -Catholics opposed him-->converted to Catholicism from Protestantism for sake of country -ended Spanish interference in France -passed Edit of Nantes |
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Edict of Nantes
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-1598 declaration
-French King Henry IV -religious rights to Huguenots --->live in peace --->set up houses of worship -NOT religious freedom for all |
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Cardinal Richelieu
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-minister of Henry's son, Louis XIII
-Catholic leader -against Huguenots --->forbad Protestant cities from having walls -weakened nobles --->ordered them to take down fortified cities |
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skepticism
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-philosophy
-nothing can be known for certain -doubt toward churches claiming to have only correct doctrines -doubt old ideas, first step to finding truth |
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Montaigne
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-developer of essay-->brief work expressing one's thoughts and opinions
-wrote essay-->all beliefs, once accepted as truth, replaced by new ideas -humans could never have absolute knowledge of what is true |
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Descartes
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-philosopher
-used observation and reason to answer skeptical arguments -influenced modern thinkers to develop scientific method |
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Louis XIV
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"Sun King"
-Versailles palace -revoked Edict of Nantes -l'etat c'est moi-->"I am the state" -weakened power of nobles-->excluded from councils -increased power of government -aided arts |
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intendent
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-French government official
-appointed by monarch -collect taxes -administer judges |
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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-Louis' minister of finance
-believed in mercantilism to keep France self-sufficient -expanded manufacturing --->gave government funds and tax benefits to French companies -protected France's industries --->high tariff on goods from other countries |
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mercantilism
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-economic policy
-colonies -nations seek to increase wealth and power -obtain large amounts of gold and silver -sell more goods than buy |
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Versailles
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-Louis' large palace
-sheltered nobles-->dependent on Louis -->took them from their homes -courtyard -statue of Louis XIV -showed wealth and power -ceremonies show admiration and envy of other European monarchs |
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William of Orange
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-Dutch prince-->king of England
-led Dutch revolt against Spain -joined League of Augsburg with other smaller countries to fight against France |
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War of the Spanish Succession
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1701-1713
-European states fought to prevent Bourdon family from controlling Spain and France Results: -Peace of Utrecht-->Louis' grandson allowed king as long as France and Spain were not united -Great Britain=winner Sp. gave- took Gibraltar-->controlled entrance to Mediterranean Sp. gave- granted asiento-->send Af. slaves to American colonies Fr. gave- N. American territory Nova Scottia and Newfoundland |
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Peace of Utrecht
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-treaty resulting from War of the Spanish Succession
-Louis' grandson remains king so long as thrones of France and Spain are NOT united |
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How did Henry of Navarre end the crisis and restore order?
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-converted to Catholicism for sake of country
*Edict of Nantes-->declaration of religious tolerance -devoted reign to rebuilding France and its prosperity |
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How did Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?
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-weakened nobles' power-->took down fortified cities
-increased power of gov agents from middle class-->ended need for noble officials -involved France in Thirty Years' Wars |
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What effect did the religious wars have on French intellectuals?
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-skepticism-->nothing known for certain
-Montaigne- essays, always new ideas replacing old -Descartes- skeptical argument-->scientific method, Enlightenment |
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What steps did Jean Baptiste Colbert take to turn France into an economic power?
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-mercantilism
-gov funds and tax benefits to Fr. companies -high tariff on goods from other countries |
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In what ways did Louis XIV support the arts?
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-opera and ballet
-danced in ballet, "The Sun King" -aided arts --->new purpose of art-->glorify kings and promote values that supported Louis' absolute rule |
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Why did Louis fail in his attempts to expand the French empire?
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-Dutch open dikes and flood countryside
-European-wide alliance stops France -League of Augsburg-->Hapsburg emperor, kings of Sweden and Spain, leaders of several smaller European states -poor harvests -taxes to finance wars -warfare |
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What was the legacy of Louis XIV?
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debts and resentment over royal abuse of power-->revolution
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Thirty Years' War
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(1618-1648)
-European conflict: --->over religion --->over territory --->for power among ruling families 1. Hapsburg Triumphs -first 12 years -Austria and Spain crush Protestant princes -put down Czech uprising -defeat German Protestants 2. Hapsburg Defeats -Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden -Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France Ferdinand II=head of Hapsburg family/emperor of HRE |
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648 agreement
-ended Thirty Years' War -weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain -strengthened France by awarding it Germany territory -made German princes independent of Holy Roman emperor -ended religious wars in Europe -introduced new method of peace negotiation --->all participants meet to settle problems of war and decide terms of peace |
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Maria Theresa
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-eldest daughter of Charles VI
-heir to all Austrian Hapsburg territories -faced years of war against Prussia, main enemy north of Austria -decreased power of nobility -limited labor that nobles forced peasants to do -religious |
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Frederick the Great
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-son of Frederick William
-king of Prussia -followed father's military policies -soften some of father's laws -believed ruler should be liked father to people |
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Seven Years' War
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1756-1763
-conflict in Europe, North America, and India -Britain and Prussia vs. Austria, France, Russia, and other countries -Austria and Prussia switch allies (Britain and France) -France loses colonies in North America -Britain gains economic domination of India |
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What ended the Peace of Augsburg and started the Thirty Years' War?
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-Catholic and Lutheran princes of Germany suspicious of each other
-threatened by Calvinism Lutherans-->Protestant Union (1608) Catholics-->Catholic League (1609) -HRE Frederick II closes some Protestant churches-->Bohemian Protestant Revolt-->Ferdinand sends army to crush revolt -German Protestant princes challenge Catholic emperor |
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-What international leaders supported the Protestant cause in Germany?
-Why are they unlikely supporters of the Protestants? -Why did they support them? |
-Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France
-Catholic! -feared Hapsburgs more than Protestants -did not want other European rulers to have as much power as the French king |
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What country was strengthened by the Thirty Years' War?
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France
Peace of Westphalia awarded it German territory |
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Difference between central and western Europe
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Central:
-landowning nobles -laws restrict serfs from freedom and moving to cities -aristocracy -keep serfs on land-->harvest-->sell crops to W. for profit *increase control over serfs* -block development of strong kings -weak empires-->Ottoman and HRE Western: -serfs won freedom --->moved to towns --->joined middle-class townspeople --->gained economic power b/c of commercial revolution and capitalism -monarchs taxed towns --->used $ to raise armies and reduce influence of nobility |
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Why did Austrian kings become so strong?
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Hapsburg of Austria
-reconquered Bohemia-->wiped out Protestantism and created Czech nobility -centralized government -created standing army -retook Hungary from Ottomans (1699) |
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How did Prussian Electors create a strong state and absolute monarchy?
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-built standing army
-introduced permanent taxation to pay for army -weakened representative assemblies of territories -strict military state |
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Winner and Loser of the Seven Years' War
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Winner: Britain
--->gained sole economic domination of India Loser: France --->lost colonies in North America |
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boyar
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-landowning
-noble -Russian |
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Ivan the Terrible
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-Russia
"good period" (1547-1560) -victorious -adds land -code of laws -rules justly --->wife, Anastasia, dies "bad period" after 1560 -accuses boyars of poisoning wife -kills boyars, their families, and their peasant workers -takes boyars out of estates -kills son-->no heir --->Time of Troubles |
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Peter the Great
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-Russia's reformer
-visits western Europe -->learns about European customs and industrial techniques |
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Peter the Great's Reforms
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-church under state control
-abolish office of patriarch -Holy Synod run church -reduce power of landowners -modernize army -heavy taxes pay for army -westernization |
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Westernization of Russia
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Peter the Great
-introduce potatoes -newspaper -raise women's status -western fashion for nobles -education |
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Russia's Differences from Europe
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-boyars and serfs
-serfdom -Eastern Orthodox Christianity -Mongol rule cut Russia from Renaissance and Exploration -Constantinople leadership -geographic barriers isolate |
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Romanov Dynasty
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(1613-1917)
Michael Romanov, grandnephew of Anastasia -Strengthen government --->law code --->put down revolt Peter I/Peter the Great |
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James I
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(1603-1625) England
-cousin of Elizabeth I -unwilling to try to win Parliament's favor *money struggles* --->Parliament refuses to pay for his courts and wars -Calvinist *refused to make Puritan reforms of Church's Catholic practices* -new translation of Bible |
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Charles I
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(1625-1649) England
-son of James I *-war w/ France and Spain --> always needed money --->Parliament refused to give funds -Petition of Rights -offended Puritans-->upholding church ritual -forced Presbyterian Scots to accept Anglican prayer book -->wanted one religion -->Scot rebellion and threats -->needed money -->Parliament opposes ---->English Civil War |
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Oliver Cromwell
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(1649-1658)
-general-->fought for Puritans in English Civil War -army defeats Cavaliers in war -brings Charles to trial for treason -->guilty-->death *abolishes monarchy and House of Lords -establishes commonwealth -written constitution-->tears up and becomes military dictator -crushes Irish rebellion -promotes Puritan morality --> abolishes theatre -religious tolerance except Catholics -sends Parliament members home |
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Charles II
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(1660-1685) English
-restores monarchy -Restoration -restores arts and culture -habeas corpus |
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James II
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(1685-1688) England
-son of Charles II -offends subjects-->flaunts Catholicism -violates law-->Catholics to high office -Parliament protests his rule -overthrown by Mary and William |
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William and Mary
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William of Orange=prince of Netherlands
Mary=James II's daughter --->married -Protestant -constitutional monarchy -Bill of Rights -limited monarch power |
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English Civil War
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(1642-1649)
-supporters and opponents of King Charles I -->Puritans vs. Royalists/Cavaliers -->Parliament vs. Monarchy -Oliver Cromwell Cause: -Charles offends Puritans -Scot rebellion/threats *Charles asks Parliament for money again* -->Parliament opposes --->Puritans win |
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Restoration
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(1660-1685) England
-Charles II's rule -after collapses of Oliver Cromwell's government Restores... -monarchy -theatre -sporting events -dancing -arts |
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habeas corpus
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(1679) England
-Charles II reign -all prisoners brought before court or judge to decide whether or not imprisonment is legal -passed by Parliament Habeas Corpus Act-->trials |
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Glorious Revolution
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-bloodless overthrow of James II
-replacement by William and Mary *sake of Protestantism |
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Bill of Rights
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(1689) England
-rules for monarchs -no suspending Parliament laws -no levying taxes w/o Parliament's say -freedom of speech of Parliament rulers loses some power Parliament gains some power --->equals |
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constitutional monarchy
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-laws limit ruler's power
-Parliament and monarch are equal *Bill of Rights* -William and Mary |
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cabinet
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-group of administers or ministers
-chosen by head of country -help make government decisions -link monarch and Parliament -center of power and policymaking |
