Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1815-1848
|
- "Age of -isms' --> Ideologies
- Lord Byron: Europe's 1st celebrity (poet) |
|
|
Romanticism is...
|
- Art, but not just art
- Poetry (Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley) - Belief that people are UNIQUE (languages affect behavior) - Rejection of the Enlightenment, which argued that we're all the same - Closely associated with nationalism ("Volkgeist" by Herder) - Concerned with emotions, not ideas --> heart, not the head - Founded by Rousseau - Thought the world was irrational and mysterious (liked it that way) - Best characterized by the novel, "Dr. Faust," by Goethe |
|
|
Interests of Romanticism
|
- Folklore (oral tradition) --> Brothers Grimm
- "Gothic" things: frightening work --> Mary Shelley, Bronte, Poe - Medieval things: --> "Robin Hood" --> "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott - "Asian" things: furniture by Thomas Chippendale - Exotic things |
|
|
1830
|
- Belgium gets independence from Spain
- Splits into modern Belgium and the Netherlands |
|
|
1832
|
Greek Independence from Ottoman Empire
|
|
|
Chartist Movement (England)
|
- Group of radicals seeking English liberal democracy
- "The Great Charter" --> Millions of people signed it |
|
|
1825
|
- Russia
- Decembrist Revolt - Failed attempt at liberalization |
|
|
"Congress System"
|
- 1815-1848
- Congress of Vienna - Congress of Troppau - Preserve "Balance of Power" - Maintain status quo - Reactionary, repressive, preventing liberal reform, conservative - Metternich (Age of,) - Carlsbad Decrees: set of documents that limited press and university activities |
|
|
Early Labor Unions
|
- 1824: British parliament repealed the Combination Act, opening the door for labor unions
- 1834: Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, created by Robert Owen |
|
|
Age of "-Isms"
|
- 1815-1848
- Secular ideologies and belief systems |
|
|
"Sexual Division of Labor"
|
- Hardened sex roles in families
- "Separate Spheres" |
|
|
Irish Potato Famine
|
- 1845
- The Great Hunger - Caused by crop disease - Possible genocide in British government's lack of response - 2 million dead/1.5 million emigrate - Birth of Irish nationalism - Ended by repeal of "Corn Laws" |
|
|
Conservatism
|
- Metternich
- Based on the desire to preserve traditional customs. Came from the reaction against the Enlightenment and the French Revolution - Supported by upper-class Europeans, including aristocrats, high clergy members, and wealthy business owners - Argued that the monarchy and nobility were necessary for the stability of a country |
|
|
Liberalism
|
- Stressed individual freedom, equality under the law, and freedom of thought and religion. Grew out of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution
- Supported by the rising middle class, including bankers, merchants, lawyers, journalists, intellectuals, and university students - Called for written constitutions, parliamentary government, and the protection of natural rights - Like Republicanism and Radicalism, wanted Democratic change |
|
|
Nationalism
|
- Based on a spirit of devotion to one's country
- Supported by people who shared a common language, history, and culture. Spread in countries that already had independence and in those still striving for independence - Called for national unity, independence, and reform. |
|
|
Republicanism
|
- Mostly in France
- Wanted a return to the Republic of Robespierre |
|
|
Radicalism
|
- Mostly in England
- Championed by Jeremy Bentham - Advocated revolution in order to achieve republic! |
|
|
Congress of Vienna: Central Issue
|
How to put Europe back together and make sure nothing like Napoleon ever happened again.
|
|
|
The Congress Meets: A.
|
In October 1814, the Congress of Vienna officially convened. All European countries had representatives present but only five had any say
|
|
|
B.
|
- Metternich of Austria was clear driving force
- He had several major goals, including preserving the "Balance of Power" and preventing the rise of a "Universal Monarchy" (which they believed Napoleon to be) - Also wanted to uphold legitimacy of established governments and repress all future revolutionary movements - Balance of Power: principle that said that alliances should be formed by threatened nations to ensure that no one country became too powerful |
|
|
C.
|
- Just as conference was ending, Napoleon escaped from Elba and Congress had to authorize another army to destroy him
- i.e. Wellington and Blucher's armies at Waterloo |
|
|
D.
|
- This event ("The Hundred Days") reconfirmed the Congress's fear of revolution
- In November 1815, Czar Alexander I of Russia proposed the creation of a "Holy Alliance" of the great European powers to stop all future revolutions, preserve the general status quo, and uphold "Christian" principles of peace. |
|
|
E.
|
- "Holy Alliance" was one of the main byproducts of Congress
- Came to symbolize to liberals of next generation an "unholy" alliance of monarchs bent on stopping any liberal progress - England never joined |
|
|
Assessment of Congress of Vienna: #1
|
1. Most far-reaching diplomatic settlement between 1648 (Peace of Westphalia) and 1919
|
|
|
#2
|
2. Succeeded in dealing with past problems (i.e. breaking up HRE)
|
|
|
#3
|
3. Dismal failure in dealing with great issues of the coming generations (i.e. Democracy and Liberalism)
|
|
|
#4
|
4. Chose to be reactionary and conservative, focusing on maintaining the balance of power, preserving the rights of existing governments, and maintaining the peace through keeping order (could have taken high ground)
|
|
|
Revolution of 1830 in France: Precursors
|
1815: Bourbons restored (Louis XVIII)
1824: Charles X takes the throne --> censorship of press/limited voting |
|
|
1830
|
- Revolts/Riots/"Barricados" --> "July Revolution"
- Lasts three days - Charles X abdicates his throne - Louis-Philippe becomes King (Orleans Dynasty) --> "July Monarchy" --> "Citizen-King" --> Accepts a constitution --> No real change |
|
|
The Industrial Revolution
|
- A technological revolution (but political and social, too)
- Shift in production from hand to machines - Shift in the determinant of wealth (no longer LAND) - Started in England - 1790-1850 - Centered in cities - Symbol: (Manu)factories |
|
|
Positives and Negatives of Industrial Revolution
|
- Positive: New Inventions
- Negative: Wealth gap, urban problems, environmental degradation |
|
|
Why in England?
|
- Natural resources (coal, iron ore)
- Favorable geography (strong navy for shipping) - Good banking system |
|
|
Pre-Factory Industrialization
|
- Early, "Proto," "Transitional" Industrialization
- Called "Cottage Industry" or "The Putting Out System" |
|
|
4th Reason for Ind Rev Starting In England: Agrarian Revolution
|
How it Worked:
1. 1690- Decrease in number of people who owned land (Before, lots of land owned by no one --> "Common Land") 2. Wealthy landlords in Parliament passed laws which gave them all the common land. They then fenced it in, hence the laws were call the Enclosure Acts 3. Process known as the "Enclosure Movement" 4. Peasants who had farmed for free now had to pay rent 5. Rent income used to invest in agricultural technology 6. This tech. included crop rotation, selective breeding, and the... 7. Seed Drill, invented by Jethro Tull 8. These increased production and they needed fewer farmers 9. Displaced workers moved to cities to find work in factories for wages --> became known as Proletariat 10. Factory Owners= Bourgeoisie |
|
|
More Industrial Revolution Facts
|
- Most new inventions deal with textiles (clothing)
- Which came first: factories or proletariat? - Next big step is steam - Brings all new technology together (steam ships, railroads, factories, and telegraph) --> Isambard Kingdom Brunelle (Trade Empire) |
|
|
Critics of Industrialization
|
1. Doctors: health problems
2. Socialists: capitalism + individualism = murder 3. Romantics: described factories as "Satanic Mills" 4. Skilled artisans who were threatened by the new machines that did their jobs quicker and better --> Went on rampage to destroy machines --> Led by Ned Ludd --> Known as Luddites --> Today, means anyone resistant to technology |
|
|
How England Avoided Violent Revolution During the Industrial Revolution: Two Problems
|
1. Unfair representation in Parliament (benefited the rich)
2. High price for domestic grain (corn) --> Also benefited the rich |
|
|
Why were they so hard to fix?
|
1. "Rotten Borough System" --> Kept nobles in office, no representation for new industrial cities
2. The Corn Laws --> High protected tariffs on imported grain --> Forced the poor to "Buy British" --> Landlords benefited by collecting rents from British farmers --> Free Trade vs. Protectionism |
|
|
Fixes for 2 Problems: #1
|
1. Reform Bill of 1832
--> Redraws voting district lines --> Industrial cities got represented --> Supported by factory owners (Whig Party) --> Opposed by landlords |
|
|
2nd Fix
|
2. Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)
--> Supported by Anti-Corn Law League --> Forced to action by Irish Potato Famine --> Repeal supported by William Gladstone --> Repeal opposed by Benjamin Disraeli |
|
|
Thought in the Ind Rev: Classical Economists believed in...
|
1. Capitalism
2. Laissez-Faire (no government involvement in economy) --> French physiocrats invented the term 3. Natural Law of Economics 4. Poverty is inevitable; don't bother trying to fix it |
|
|
Classical Economists to Know
|
1. Adam Smith: Father of Capitalism, 1776--> "The Wealth of Nations"
2. Thomas Malthus: Population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, so population will always outgrow food supply 3. David Ricardo - "The Iron Law of Wages" - Poverty is Inevitable! - "Labor Theory of Value" --> Value of an object is the labor that made it - "Competitive Advantage" --> Countries should specialize - Economics: "The Dismal Science" |
|
|
Early Socialism believed...
|
1. Private property corrupts people, corrupted by greed
2. Government should own all property 3. "Collective" ownership of property 4. Centrally planned economics 5. Set up model communities 6. Had no real plan for doing it 7. Marx called them Utopian (Romantic) Socialists |
|
|
Main Socialists
|
1. Robert Owen: New Harmony, Indiana --> Model Community
2. Compte de Saint-Simon: Coined the motto of socialism: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." 3. Louis Blanc- "Communes" (Model Communities) 4. Pierre Proudhon- "What is property?" --> Evil |
|
|
The Crimean War
|
- Years: 1853-56
- Sides: England, France, and Sardinia vs. Russia - Cause: Russian invasion of Ottoman Empire (Wallachia and Moldavia) |
|
|
Why Russian Invasion Mattered
|
- England afraid of Russia getting to powerful in East
- It threatened trade routes to India and general "Balance of Power" - Ottoman Empire was crumbling ("The Sick Man of Europe") - Potential invasion known as "Eastern Question" - European involvement had nothing to do with Ottomans |
|
|
More Crimean Facts
|
- All fighting occurred on Crimean Peninsula around city of Sevastapol
- Biggest Battle: Balaclava (w/trenches, preview of WWI) - Most Famous Event: Charge of the Light Brigade, immortalized in a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson |
|
|
Crimean War: Outcome
|
- Russia lost and was successfully checked.
- Wallachia and Moldavia were not returned - They became a new nation, Romania |
|
|
Crimean War: Famous Firsts
|
- 1st war correspondent: William Russell
- 1st photography of major world event - 1st regular nursing service, organized by Florence Nightengale |
|
|
Changes in Russia
|
- 1861: Emancipation Act issue, frees all serfs (90% of population) --> All forms of slavery had become economically unviable
- Carried out by Czar Alexander II ("The Czar Liberator") - Not very helpful, no real fundamental reorganization accompanied this move - Did not satisfy the educated class, the "Intelligentsia" |
|
|
Proposed Alternative
|
- Some advocated a new philosophy, similar and different from Marxism, Anarchism
- Main Proponent: Mikhail Bakunin - Different then Marx b/c no Proletariat needed and no dictatorship - Similar because they advocated for living in a classless society and for the violent overthrow of the state |
|
|
Anarchism's Main Tactic
|
- Political Assassination
- They called it "The Propaganda of the Deed" - Thought it would draw attention to their cause - Really advocated terrorism to get noticed |
|
|
Famous Anarchist Assassinations
|
- 1881: Alexander II of Russia (Czar Liberator) by a group called the "People's Will" (Lenin's brother a member)
- 1900: King Umberto I of Italy - 1901: President McKinley of U.S. by Leon Czogolz |
|
|
Marx's Biggest Influence
|
- G.W.F. Hegel
- 1770-1831 - #1 thing Marx learned: History is a process (DIALECTICS) |
|
|
History is like a conversation
|
- Person A state truth (thesis)
- Person B state opposite (antithesis) - Tension exists b/w A & B (contradiction) - Resolution occurs (synthesis) --> a new idea - Existence of A calls into being B - A contains within itself the seed of its own destruction - History goes on like this forever (Marx believed it would end at some point) - Example: --> T= USA, Smith, Capitalism, 1776 --> A= USSR, Marx, Communism (Economic and Political), 1848 --> S= Canada: Socialist (Economic) Democracy (Political) |
|
|
#2 Thing Marx Learned
|
- Problem is called alienation
- Individuals tend to feel separated from rest of society - Individuals can't accept society's values or society doesn't have any - Life can seem meaningless - Connection to existentialism (Camus) - To feel meaning, we need to be more "Community-minded" |
|
|
Capitalism and Marx
|
For Marx, capitalism alienated us by making us care more about things than people. Answer= Communism
|
|
|
Karl Marx: Historian, Social Critic, Revolutionary, and Communist
|
- Must be seen as an answer to failures of 1848
- Learned from Hegel: Dialectics and Alienation - Hegel thought history was a battle b/w ideas; Marx thought it was a battle b/w material realities - Marx's interpretation of Hegel: Dialectic Materialism - Battle was b/w "Haves" and "Have-Nots" (a.k.a. Bourgeoisie and Proletariat) |
|
|
Marx: Alienation
|
- Alienation is a natural result of capitalism
- It encourages people to care more about things than people - Solution: no private property |
|
|
Marx the Historian
|
Dialectic Materialism
|
|
|
Marx the Social Critic
|
Workers are oppressed (alienated) by capitalism
|
|
|
Marx the Revolutionary
|
- A worker's only loyalty should be to his class
- Workers won't put up with it forever. They will eventually unite. - They have nothing to lose but their chains - They can't dream about it, must engage in class war - Key Terms: "Scientific" Socialism, "Toughness of Mind," and Realpolitik |
|
|
Marx the Communist
|
- Once class war was won (bosses defeated), religion would be abolished!
- Marx consider religion the "Opiate of the people" - People would then live in a "classless" society (no private property) - First, they had to be taught to live this way, which would require training! - Period of training called the Dictatorship of the Proletariat - Problem: Marx never said how long dictatorship should last and Smith was right, people are greedy! Trainers became dictators and Communist countries are still in D. of P. |
|
|
France after 1848
|
- 1848: overthrow of the "July Monarchy" of Louis Philippe (1830)
- Class war between moderate and socialist republicans (the "June Days") - Moderates win, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president - He is the "stability and order" candidate - 1852: becomes Emperor Napoleon III (2nd empire) - Popular at first, lots of pageantry, public works programs (Suez Canal) - Paris totally redesigned by Baron Haussman (current version) |
|
|
Where it went wrong
|
- Ruined by war (first in Crimean Peninsula was moderately successful)
- Disaster #1: Invasion of Mexico in 1861 to help Hapsburg take throne - Did it b/c USA was in Civil War but ends in ruin in 1867 - Disaster #2: Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) --> Crushed by Prussia - 1871: French Revolution #4, creation of 3rd republic |
|
|
Austrian Empire after 1848
|
- Revolutions in 1848 were crushed but Metternich was out
- Austria ruled by Hapsburgs from Vienna but only 24% of empire was German - Many other ethnic groups: 20% Magyars (Hungarian), 35% Slavs, 3% Italians - Cultural diversity was biggest weakness --> Routed in wars by Italy and Germany |
|
|
1867
|
- The Ausgleich (Compromise): a stop gap measure to keep empire together
- Created the "Dual-Monarchy" a.k.a. the "Austro-Hungarian" Empire - 2 independent states with one ruler - Separate parliaments and languages - Shared army and currency but Germans (Austrians) and Hungarians separate - Big Losers: other ethnic groups, particularly the Slavs--> Why not triple monarchy? |
|
|
Italy after 1848
|
- Before 1861, "Italy" was a geographic term
- 1848: several failed revolutions - "Italy" had many independent states with a common language - Most important state: Kingdom of Sardinia (a.k.a. Piedmont), ruled by Savoy |
|
|
Three Guys that Unify Italy
|
1. Giuseppe Mazzini: Romantic father of the idea of a united Italy
2. Giuseppe Garibaldi: led the "Red Shirts" in a "campaign" to bring the rest of Southern Italy into union with Sardinia 3. Camilo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia, believer in Realpolitik --> Went to war with Austria to regain Italian lands (Venetia and Lombardy) - With help of Cavour and Garibaldi, King of Sardinia becomes King of Italy |
|
|
Germany after 1848
|
- "Germany" was divided into 39 independent states before 1871
- Romantic inspiration for a unified Germany: Herder and his idea of Volkgeist - Early attempt at cooperation: Zollverein (Customs Union) in 1834 --> No tariffs - 1848: failed revolutions (i.e. Frankfurt Assembly) --> Big vs. Little German debate |
|
|
Prussia and Bismarck
|
- Prussia most important state, ruled by Hohenzollern
- Main force in unification: Otto von Bismarck (The Iron Chancellor) - Like Cavour and Marx, knew that war was necessary to achieve goals - Embodied classic realpolitik in his "Blood and Iron" speech - Wars with Denmark (regain territory) and Austria (keep them out) |
|
|
Prussia and France
|
- Final war with France orchestrated by Bismarck
- France wanted to regain glory but Bismarck wanted to frighten Southern states into joining - Told them to join or they would be conquered by France - 1871: routs French Army, King of Prussia becomes King of a united Germany - This is the 2nd Reich, which always had a militaristic streak (Prussia's legacy) - Spiritual Fathers of Germany: Wagner and Nietzsche |
