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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imperialism
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Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country.
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Aborigines
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Native peoples of Australia, longest living group of people to this date.
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David Livingstone
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Scottish missionary, traveled with group of Africans deep into central Africa.
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Henry Stanley
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Found Livingstone, explored, hired by King Leopold II of Belgium.
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Social Darwinism
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A social theory in which one race was more superior than another.
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Cecil Rhodes
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Sucessful British businessman and encouraged people to westernize.
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Berlin Conference
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Meeting of 14 European Nations in 1884-85 to lay down rules for the division of Africa. Agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area.
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Boer War
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Fight btwn. Boers and British bc Boers didnt want British to gain political rights. Winner: Britain
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Paternalism
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Policy in which Europeans governed people in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights.
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Assimilation
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Policy in which the French hoped that the people would adopt French culture and become like the French people.
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3 most powerful groups in Nigeria
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Hausa-Fulani (Muslim, strong central gov't), Yoruba, and Igbo both who followed traditional religions and relied on local chiefs for control.
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Edward Morel
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British journalist
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Samori Toure
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Lead resistance movement in W. Africa against the French.
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Maji-Maji (rebellion)
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Magic water...
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Menelik II
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Emperor of Ethiopia, successfully played Italians, French and British against each other.
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Geopolitics
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Interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products.
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Selim III
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Ottoman ruler who attempted to modernize army.
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Greece gained independence in what year?
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1830
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Crimean War
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War involving Russians vs. Ottomans. Russia was trying to gain a warm weather port on the Black Sea. The combined forces of the Otto empire, Britain and France shut down Russia.
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Florence Nightingale
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Army nurses (Crimean War)
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Muhammad Ali
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Leader of Egypt. Fought series of battles in 1831, gained control of Syria and Arabia. Directed shift of agriculture to a plntation cash crop, cotton. Brought Egypt into intl marketplace.
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Suez Canal
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Built by Ali's grandson, Isma'il. Humanmade waterwater that cut through the Isthus of Suez. Connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
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Leader who supported modernization of Persia, set up Tobacco boycott.
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Sepoy
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Indian soldiers
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Jewel in the crown
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Term referring to Britain's most valuable colony, India.
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Sepoy Mutiny
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Indian soldiers rising up against British.
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Raj
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Refers to British rule in India
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King Mongukut
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King of Siam, made progress to improve life in Siam along with son Chulalongkorn.
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Opium War
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War btwn. China and Britain over the trade of the drug Opium. Took place mainly at sea.
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Extraterritorial rights
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Rights gained by U.S. and other foreign citizens in China. Under these rights, foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports.
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Taiping Rebellion
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Movement for great peace in China staeted by Xiuquan. Organized peasant army, and took control of large areas of SE China.
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Sphere of Influence
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Area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment/
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Open Door Policy
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Proposed that China's "doors" be open to merchants of all nations. Declared by the US in 1899.
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Boxer Rebellion
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Campaign against the Dowager Empress's rule and foreigner privilege. Against westernization in China.
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Guangxu
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Young emperor of China in 1898, wanted to modernize China.
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Boxers
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Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists
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Empress Cixi
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Commited to traditional values, backed self-strengthening movement, which updated the educational system, military and diplomatic service.
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Treaty of Kanagawa
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Japan opened two ports at which U.S. ships could take on supplies. Extended extraterritorial rights to foreign nations.
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Mutsuhito
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Took control of gov't; chose name of reign Meiji
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Mutsuhito's reign is known as...
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The Meiji Era, lasting 45 years
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Who sent foreign officials over to other nations to observe Western ways?
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Meiji emperor
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Russo-Japanese War
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Fought btwn. Russia and Japan for the land of Korea.
Japan drove Russia out of Korea. |
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Japan imposed this on Korea to bring it under their control...
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Annexation
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Europe's Great Powers
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.
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The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
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Militarism
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
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Kaiser Wilheim II
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Ruler of Germany that forced Bismarck to resign. Did not wanna share his power with anyone. Began a shipbuilding program in an effort to make the German navy equal to Britain's.
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Countries in the Triple Entente
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Britain, France, and Russia
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Powder keg of Europe
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Balkans
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Heir of Austro-Hungarian throne
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Black Hand
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Secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule
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Central Powers
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Germany and Austria-Hungary
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Allies
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Great Britain, France, and Russia
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Addition to the Allies
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Japan
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Addition to the Central Powers
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Italy
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Sir Edward Grey
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Britain foreign minister who saw foresaw horror of war.
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Deadlocked region in Northern France
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Western Front
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's battle strategy, called for attacking and defeating France in the west and then Russia in the east.
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Trench warfare
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Soldiers fought each other from trenches.
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Eastern front
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Stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border.
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Gallipoli Campaign
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The effort to take the Dardanelles strait. British, Australian, New Zealand and French troops made repeated assaults on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
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Submarines that sunk, without warning, any ship in the waters around Britain.
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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Lusitania
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British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat submarine
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Zimmerman note
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Telegram written by Arthur Zimmerman, stating that Germany would help Mexico "reconquer" the land it had lost to the US if Mexico would become a German ally.
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Date of WWI
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1914-1918
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The term in which a country devotes all their resources to the war effort.
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Total war
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Rationing
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People could buy only small amounts of those items that were needed for the war effort.
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Propaganda
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One-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war.
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Shirley Millard
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American nurse during WWI
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Czar Nicholas steps down in...
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March 1917
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Lenin seized power in the month/year...
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November 1917
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Brest-Litovsk Treaty
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Ended war between Germany and Russia in 1918.
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Armistice
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An agreement to stop fighting
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Paris Peace Conference
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Meant to establish terms began at the Palace of Versailles
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Big Four
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Woodrow Wilsom (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
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Writer of the Fourteen Points
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Woodrow Wilson
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Fourteen Points
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Outlined plan for achieving a just and lasting peace.
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First four points
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Included an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, and reduced nat'l armies/navies
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Fifth point
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Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness towards colonial peoples.
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Sixth through thirteenth points
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Specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations
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Fourteenth point
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Proposed a "general association of nations" that would protect "great and small states alike"
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Self-determination
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Allowing people to decide for themselves under which government they wished to live. Guiding idea behind Wilson's Fourteen points.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Peace compromise signed btwn. Germany and Alied powers in June, 1919.
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League of Nations
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An international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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League of Nations
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An international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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Major provisions in the Treaty of Versailles
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War guilt, Military restrictions, Territorial losses, League of Nations
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Germany was forced to...
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...pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 yrs
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Alexandar III
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Forced harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries, oppressed other groups within Russia
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Worlds first longest continuous rail line
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Trans-Siberian railway
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Proletariat
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Working class
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Lenin
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Major leader of the Bolsheviks
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Bolsheviks
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Radicals who supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change.
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Mensheviks
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Moderates who wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution.
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Bloody Sunday 1905
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200,000 Workers and their families approached the czar's winter palace. They carried a petition asking for better working conditions and personal freedom. Nicholas II's generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd. More than 1,000 were wounded and several hundred were killed.
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Duma
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Russian's first parliament
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What Russian leader dragged Russia into WWI?
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Nicholas II
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Rasputin
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Self-described holy man who said to have had magical healing powers. Influenced Czarina Alexandra, wife of Nicholas II.
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Provisional Government
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Temporary government
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Soviets
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Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
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Lenin's slogan
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Peace, land, bread
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Red guards were part of what group?
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Bolsheviks
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Who was the White Army composed of?
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Groups who supported the return of the czar, others who wanted democratic gov't, and even socialists who opposed Lenin's style of socialism.
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NEP
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New Economic Policym allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of turning them over to the government. Gov't kept control of banks, major industries, and means of commincation.
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Who implimented the NEP?
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Lenin
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Communist party
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Renaming of the Bolshevik party, came from the writings of Marx
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USSR
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1922
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Two notable leaders of Communist party
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Stalin and Trotsky
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Stalin forced ____ into exile in 1929.
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Trotsky
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Totalitarianism
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Describes a government that takes total centralized state control over every aspect of public/private life.
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Methods of control in Totalitarian society
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Police terror, indoctrination, propaganda/censorship, religious or ethnic persecution
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Great Purge
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Campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who disagreed with/threatened Stalin's power.
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Communist newspaper
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Pravda
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A system in which the government makes all economic decisions
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Command economy
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Stalin's Five-Year plan
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Set impossibly high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity.
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Collective farms
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Large, government owned farms
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Albert Einstein
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German-born physicist
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Theory of relativity
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Ideas regarding light and time.
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The search for meaning in an uncertain world.
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Existentialism
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Franz Kafka
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Czech-born author, wrote The Trial & The Castle
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Irish poet who wrote The Second Coming
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William Butler Yeats
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American poet who wrote about the postwar world as a 'wasteland' drained of hope and faith
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T.S. Eliot
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James Joyce
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Irish author who wrote Ulysses, focuses on a single day in the lives of three people in Ireland.
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Surrealism
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Art movement seeking to link the world of dreams with reality
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Expressionist painters who used bold colors, etc.
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Klee and Kandinsky
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Friederich Nietzche
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Existentialist who wrote that Western ideas had affected people's creativity.
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Satre
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French philosopher, leader of Existentialism movement
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Charles Lindbergh
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American pilot who flew a 33-hr solo flight from NY to Paris
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Worlds first commercial radio station
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KDKA in Pittsburgh
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Charlie Chaplin
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British comedian
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Sanger/Goldman
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Risked arrest in favor of birth control
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Labor-Saving devices in the US
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Washing machine, fridge, vacuum cleaner, coffee pot.
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Coalition government
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Formed when no single party wins a majority, and a temporary alliance of several parties was needed to form a parliamentary majority.
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Weinmar Republic
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Germany's new democratic government, failed quickly
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Dawes Plan
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Helped slow inflation, provided $200 mil loan to Germany to stablizie currency.
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Stresemann and Briand
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Signed treaty (Germany-France) saying they'd never fight again.
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u.s. secretary of State who arraigned agreement with Briand to end fighting.
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Kellogg
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Year of the stock market crash
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1929
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Lead U.S. out of depression
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New Deal
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Provided public work projects to help provide jobs to stimulate economy.
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Facism
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Militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader.
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Newspaper editor/politician who promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces.
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Benito Mussolini
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German brand of Facism
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Nazism
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Novel writen by Hitler while he was in prison
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Mein Kampf
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Lebensraum
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Living space
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Black-Uniformed unit protection squad loyal to Hitler
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SS, Schutzstaffel
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Leader of China's army in 1930s
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Jiang Jieshi
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Ethiopian emperor asking for help to protect Ethiopia from Italy
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Selassie
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Appeasement
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Giving into an aggressor to keep peace
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Axis Powers
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Germany, Italy and Japan
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Francisco Franco
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General who lead army eaders in favor of a Facist-style gov't in Spain
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Isoltionism
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Belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided.
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Third Reich
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Hitlers plan to absorb Austria/Czechslovakia and create Third Reich, his German empire.
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Munich Conference
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Held in Sept 1938 with Germany, France, Britain and Italy.
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Nonaggression pact
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Stalin signed this with hitler for 10 years
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Blitzkrieg
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Lightning war, new military strategy used by Germany
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Phony War
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no attacks, just staring of troops
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Charles de Gaulle
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French general who set up a government-in-exile in London. Wanted to get France back from Germans.
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RAF
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Royal Air Force, British
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Germany's air force
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Luftwaffe
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Battle of Britain
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Fights in Britain vs. Germany
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Operation Barbaross
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Hitlers plan to invate the USSR
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Rommel
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"Desert fox" German general fighting for Hitler
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Zhukov
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USSR general that counterattacked GERMANS.
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Atlantic Charter
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Roosevelt + Churchill met secretly and issued a joint declaration. It upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own gov't.
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Commander of the Allied land forces in the pacific
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MacArthur
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Kristallnacht
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Night of Broken glass when Hitler attacked Jewish homes, businesses, etc.
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Final solution
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Program for genocide
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Segregated Jewish areas
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GHETTOS
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Auschwitz
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Largest of the extermination camps
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American general who led the Allies
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Dwight Eisenhower
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Battle of Stalingrad fought btwn...
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USSR and Germany
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Democratization
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Process of creating a government elected by the people
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Demilitarization
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Disbanding the Japanese armed forces
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Nuremberg Trials
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Trials in which Nazis were tried for crimes against humanity.
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Meeting btwn. Churchill, FDR, Stalin
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Yalta Conference
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Iron Curtain
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Churchill's term for Europes division into mostly democratic W. Europe and Communist E. Europe
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Containment
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Foreign policy adopted by Truman, directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping expansion of communism.
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Marshall Plan
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Plan for US to help needy European countries financially
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Support for countries that rejected communism
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Truman's doctrine
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Cold War
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Struggle over political differences carried on by means short of military action/war
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Warsaw Pact
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Included USSR, E. Germany, cZECHOSLOVAKIA, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania
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NATO
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W. Europe and US, Canada
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Willingness to go to the edge of war
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Brinkmanship
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Sputnik
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Satellite launched into space by USSR
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Mao Zedong
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Communist leader in NW China
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Mao Zedong vs. Jieshi
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Communists vs. Nationalists, civil war. Victory by Zedong.
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Communes
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Large , collective farms
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Red Guards
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Milita units formed by HS/College students
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Uprising led by Red Guard, and its goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal
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Cultural Revolutuon
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38th parallel
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N. Korea sweeps across 38th parallel in surprise attack on S. Korea. S. Korea asked UN to intervene.
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Young Vietnamese nationalist who ruled N. Vietnam by crushing opposition
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Ho Chi Minh
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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US/FRANCE set up an anti-communist gov't under his leadership
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Domino theory
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Fall of communism would lead onto neighbors
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Communist rebels who set up a brutal Communist gov't
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Khmer Rouge
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Communist guerrillas
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Vietcong
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Third world
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developing nations, newly independent, not aligned with either superpower
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Sandinista leader
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Dan Ortega
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Nicaraguan dictatorship
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Anastatio Somoza
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tropezarse
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to trip
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Khrushchev
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Dominant soviet leader in 1950s after stalin.
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Brezhnev
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Replacement to Khrushchev after he was removed from power.
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Detente
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Policy for lessening cold war tensions
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SALT
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Strategic arms limitation talks
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Ruling committee of the communist party
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Politburo
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Glasnost
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Openess policy anounced by Gorbachev
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Perestroika
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economic restructuring plan proposed by Gorbachev 1985
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Who defeated Gorbachev?
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Lithuanians
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Abrupt shift to free-mark economies
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Shock therapy
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Reunification
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Merging of the two germanys
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