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49 Cards in this Set
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Industrial Revolution |
(1780-1830) begin using coal and fossil fuels instead of muscle/water/wind power in factories that increased production of goods. |
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Components of Industrial Revolution |
Land, labor, capital, and markets
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Enclosure Acts |
Fenced off commons; increased aristocratic land holdings at expense of peasants; peasants move to cities;increased agricultural surplus to support city growth. |
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Steam Engine |
James Watt, 1763; improved previous steam engines; began in mines but used in factories, looms, steamships, and locomtives |
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Fly shuttle |
John Kay, 1733; cut down manpower needed for loom |
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Spinning Jenny |
James Hargreaves. 1764; mechanized spinning wheel; |
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Water frame |
Richard Arkwright; 1780s; improved thread spinning; used in factories when combined with steam engine |
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Cotton gin |
Eli whitney, 1793; increased raw cotton supply; separated out seeds |
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Transportation in Britain |
Steamship+ railroads= new industrialization in previously unreachable sites |
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Results of Industrial Revolution |
increased population, worsening living conditions; urbanization; exploitation of child labor |
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Jeremy Betham |
Utilitarianism; greatest good for greatest number of people |
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Thomas Malthus |
J curve; poverty exists because population increases exponentially while food supply increases arithmetically |
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David Ricardo |
Iron Law of Wages; Cycle; natural wage is that which gives worker subsistence |
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Robert Owen |
Utopian Socialist;` |
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Comte de Saint-Simon |
early French founder of Socialism; advocated public owned factories and planned economy |
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Louis Blanc |
French Utopian Socialist; formed poor workshops that guaranteed employment but bankrupted the government |
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Karl Marx |
wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels; classless society in which everyone receives what they need equally |
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Tory |
Conservative English Parliament Party |
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Whig |
Liberal English Parliament Party |
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Corn Laws of 1815 |
Tariff on imported grain that increased prices for poor, but helped rich; caused riots and was repealed in 1846 |
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The Great Reform Bill |
England; 1832; reformed House of Commons by abolishing rotten boroughs and adding more representation for the more populated cities |
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Chartist movement |
demands by working class activists for universal male suffrage, a secret ballot, abolition of property requirements, and public education for all classes |
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Louis XVIII |
Bourbon; King of France; constitutional monarch but only gave power to landed aristocracy and rich Bourgeosie |
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Charles X |
Bourbon; wanted to be absolutist like Louis XIV; repressive measures cause The July Revolution of 1830 |
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July Revolution |
1830; the barricade revolution; against Charles X's repressive policies; established Louis-Phillipe as King; inspired Les Miserables |
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Louis-Phillipe |
The Bourgeoisie King; favored by upper midddle class; constitutional monarch but still excluded Proletariat; |
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Francois Guizot |
head of Party of Resistance in French legislation (Chamber of Deputies); believed French government had reached perfect form and did not want change |
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Adolphe Thiers |
head of Party of Movement in French legislation (Chamber of Deputies); wanted active foreign policy and more ministerial responsibility |
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Political banquets |
held in place of political rallies after the latter was banned |
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French Revolution of 1848 |
Radical Republicans and socialists start riots and protests; Louis-Phillipe abdicates and a provisional government is established under Louis Blanc |
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Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
Elected president after Revolution of 1848; claims himself emperor after 4 years; autocratic; massive public projects create work for poor |
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Klemens von Metternich |
Austrian Chancellor who encouraged reaction and conservatism; led Congress of Vienna |
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Burchenshafts |
Nationalist student organizations that frightened the government for their dedication to a unified Germany; one particularly violent rally led to the Carlsbad decrees |
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Carlsbad Decrees |
1819; increased censorship; limited universities; outlawed rallies |
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Zollverein |
Prussian economic movement that allowed other German states to bypass tariffs and boost their economic systems; led to greater support for unified Germany centered around Prussia |
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Frankfurt Assembly |
Educated middle class assembly to move towards a unified Germany; unsuccessful because of debate of Big Germany (W/ Austria) or Little Germany (W/O Austria) |
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Hungarian Revolt |
1848; led by Louis Kossuth; Hungarians= own ethnic group so want autonomy; originally successful because help from smaller ethnic groups; led to revolts among other ethnic groups; Nicholas I + Windischgratz crush force |
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Risorgimento |
Italian unification movement; failure in 1830 but success in 1861; receives help from France and Austro-Prussian War helps withdraw last Austrian troops |
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Guiseppe Mazzini |
Italian nationalist who led Risorgimento after 1831; organized Young Italy |
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British Bobbies |
urbanization = more crime so new police force created to maintain peace on streets |
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Poor Law Act |
forced poor to live in dismal work houses; like prisons; discouraged poverty |
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Edwin Chadwick |
Secretary to Poor Law Commissions; made modern sanitary reforms that reduced cholera |
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Romanticism
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Art movement that stressed individuality, emotion, sentiment, and challenged reason |
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Count Camillo di Cavour |
Prime minister of Piedmont; liberal yet moderate; allied with NB3 to drive Austrians out of Italy (was later betrayed) |
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Guiseppe Garibaldi |
Southern Italian; general of Red Shirt Army; NOT politician and gave control of conquered territory to Cavour and King Emmanuel II |
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Otto von Bismark |
Chancellor of Germany; led unification movement; followed Realpolitik |
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Austro-Prussian War (1866) |
Wanted to separate Germany from Austria; succeeded in creating the North German Confederation (Prus) and the South German Confederation (Aus) |
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Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) |
France did not want to be surrounded by the Hohenzollern dynasty; Prussians destroy 2nd French Empire; |
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The Danish War (1864) |
Over duchies Schleswig and Holstein; German victory but set stage for Austro-Prussian War |