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49 Cards in this Set

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Industrial Revolution

(1780-1830) begin using coal and fossil fuels instead of muscle/water/wind power in factories that increased production of goods.

Components of Industrial Revolution

Land, labor, capital, and markets


Enclosure Acts

Fenced off commons; increased aristocratic land holdings at expense of peasants; peasants move to cities;increased agricultural surplus to support city growth.

Steam Engine

James Watt, 1763; improved previous steam engines; began in mines but used in factories, looms, steamships, and locomtives

Fly shuttle

John Kay, 1733; cut down manpower needed for loom

Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves. 1764; mechanized spinning wheel;

Water frame

Richard Arkwright; 1780s; improved thread spinning; used in factories when combined with steam engine

Cotton gin

Eli whitney, 1793; increased raw cotton supply; separated out seeds

Transportation in Britain

Steamship+ railroads= new industrialization in previously unreachable sites

Results of Industrial Revolution



increased population, worsening living conditions; urbanization; exploitation of child labor

Jeremy Betham

Utilitarianism; greatest good for greatest number of people

Thomas Malthus

J curve; poverty exists because population increases exponentially while food supply increases arithmetically

David Ricardo

Iron Law of Wages; Cycle; natural wage is that which gives worker subsistence

Robert Owen

Utopian Socialist;`

Comte de Saint-Simon

early French founder of Socialism; advocated public owned factories and planned economy

Louis Blanc

French Utopian Socialist; formed poor workshops that guaranteed employment but bankrupted the government

Karl Marx

wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels; classless society in which everyone receives what they need equally

Tory

Conservative English Parliament Party

Whig

Liberal English Parliament Party

Corn Laws of 1815

Tariff on imported grain that increased prices for poor, but helped rich; caused riots and was repealed in 1846

The Great Reform Bill

England; 1832; reformed House of Commons by abolishing rotten boroughs and adding more representation for the more populated cities

Chartist movement

demands by working class activists for universal male suffrage, a secret ballot, abolition of property requirements, and public education for all classes

Louis XVIII

Bourbon; King of France; constitutional monarch but only gave power to landed aristocracy and rich Bourgeosie

Charles X

Bourbon; wanted to be absolutist like Louis XIV; repressive measures cause The July Revolution of 1830

July Revolution

1830; the barricade revolution; against Charles X's repressive policies; established Louis-Phillipe as King; inspired Les Miserables

Louis-Phillipe

The Bourgeoisie King; favored by upper midddle class; constitutional monarch but still excluded Proletariat;

Francois Guizot

head of Party of Resistance in French legislation (Chamber of Deputies); believed French government had reached perfect form and did not want change

Adolphe Thiers

head of Party of Movement in French legislation (Chamber of Deputies); wanted active foreign policy and more ministerial responsibility

Political banquets

held in place of political rallies after the latter was banned

French Revolution of 1848

Radical Republicans and socialists start riots and protests; Louis-Phillipe abdicates and a provisional government is established under Louis Blanc

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Elected president after Revolution of 1848; claims himself emperor after 4 years; autocratic; massive public projects create work for poor

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian Chancellor who encouraged reaction and conservatism; led Congress of Vienna

Burchenshafts

Nationalist student organizations that frightened the government for their dedication to a unified Germany; one particularly violent rally led to the Carlsbad decrees

Carlsbad Decrees

1819; increased censorship; limited universities; outlawed rallies

Zollverein

Prussian economic movement that allowed other German states to bypass tariffs and boost their economic systems; led to greater support for unified Germany centered around Prussia

Frankfurt Assembly

Educated middle class assembly to move towards a unified Germany; unsuccessful because of debate of Big Germany (W/ Austria) or Little Germany (W/O Austria)

Hungarian Revolt

1848; led by Louis Kossuth; Hungarians= own ethnic group so want autonomy; originally successful because help from smaller ethnic groups; led to revolts among other ethnic groups; Nicholas I + Windischgratz crush force

Risorgimento

Italian unification movement; failure in 1830 but success in 1861; receives help from France and Austro-Prussian War helps withdraw last Austrian troops

Guiseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who led Risorgimento after 1831; organized Young Italy

British Bobbies

urbanization = more crime so new police force created to maintain peace on streets

Poor Law Act

forced poor to live in dismal work houses; like prisons; discouraged poverty

Edwin Chadwick

Secretary to Poor Law Commissions; made modern sanitary reforms that reduced cholera

Romanticism

Art movement that stressed individuality, emotion, sentiment, and challenged reason

Count Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont; liberal yet moderate; allied with NB3 to drive Austrians out of Italy (was later betrayed)

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Southern Italian; general of Red Shirt Army; NOT politician and gave control of conquered territory to Cavour and King Emmanuel II

Otto von Bismark

Chancellor of Germany; led unification movement; followed Realpolitik

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Wanted to separate Germany from Austria; succeeded in creating the North German Confederation (Prus) and the South German Confederation (Aus)

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

France did not want to be surrounded by the Hohenzollern dynasty; Prussians destroy 2nd French Empire;

The Danish War (1864)

Over duchies Schleswig and Holstein; German victory but set stage for Austro-Prussian War