Eukaryotic Cells

Front 1

It has been discovered that most root hairs of plants are covered with fungi masses of hyphae. How is this form of mutualism beneficial?

Back 1

The plants benefits because the fungi increases surface area to volume for better absorption. The fungi benefit from a ready carbon supply to make for fungi.

Front 2

What is the condition called when too much sugar is in the blood?

Back 2

Hyperglycemia

Front 3

What is the condition called when there is too little sugar in the blood?

Back 3

Hypoglycemia

Front 4

What is the name of the "master gland" in the brain?

Back 4

Pituitary

Front 5

Where are the Islets of Langerhans found?

Back 5

On the pancreas

Front 6

What are the two major groups of Islets cells called?

Back 6

Alpha and beta

Front 7

If the pituitary detects too much sugar in the blood it signals the Islets of Langerhans on the pancreas to produce what hormone?

Back 7

Insulin

Front 8

If the pituitary detects too little sugar in the blood it signals the Islets of Langerhans on the pancreas to produce what hormone?

Back 8

glucagon

Front 9

What does the hormone insulin do?

Back 9

Produced by the Islets of Langerhans, insulin oversee the dehydration synthesis of glycogen from the excess glucose in the blood.

Front 10

In what body organ is glycogen stored?

Back 10

Liver

Front 11

What are two storage locations in the body for glycogen?

Back 11

Liver and muscle tissue

Front 12

What does the hormone glucagon do?

Back 12

It oversees the hydrolysis of glycogen in the muscles and liver to raise blood glucose levels.

Front 13

Specifically which cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?

Back 13

Alpha cells

Front 14

Specifically which cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin?

Back 14

Beta cells

Front 15

What is the storage form of energy in animals?

Back 15

Glycogen

Front 16

When muscle and liver cells are full of glycogen, what happens to the additional energy?

Back 16

It is stored as fat

Front 17

What causes cellulite?

Back 17

Cellulite is caused by fat cells expanding and causing elastin fibers in the skin to tighten making the skin pucker.

Front 18

Fat is stored in what type of tissue?

Back 18

Adipose tissue

Front 19

Excess adipose tissue is typically deposited in what major areas of the body?

Back 19

Abdomen, buttocks, and hips

Front 20

Where do men typically store excess fat?

Back 20

Abdomen

Front 21

Where do women typically store excess fat?

Back 21

Hips, buttocks, thighs, breasts

Front 22

What energy-rich molecule in all living systems provides the energy to carry on cellular activities?

Back 22

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Front 23

What are the four parts of the cell theory?

Back 23

1. living things are composed of cells
2. chemical reactions occur in cells
3. cells arise from preexisting cells
4. cells have hereditary information to pass to the next generation

Front 24

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Back 24

TEM - transmission electron microscope & SEM - scanning electron microscope

Front 25

Which type of electron microscope yields the highest magnification?

Back 25

TEM

Front 26

Which electron microscope provides 3-dimensional images?

Back 26

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

Front 27

Generally speaking, are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger?

Back 27

Eukaryotic

Front 28

How does the DNA differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Back 28

Prokaryotic DNA is typically circular and eukaryotic DNA is linerar

Front 29

What does the word "prokaryote" mean?

Back 29

Before the nucleus

Front 30

What major cellular organelle do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

Back 30

A nucleus

Front 31

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

Back 31

No - only eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

Front 32

In what type of organisms would plasmids be found?

Back 32

Some prokaryotes have plasmids.

Front 33

What is a plasmid?

Back 33

It is a small strand of DNA which is separate from the circular DNA of some prokaryotes.

Front 34

What does autotrophic mean?

Back 34

able to produce its own food

Front 35

What does heterotrophic mean?

Back 35

NOT able to produce its own food - it must, by definition, be a predator

Front 36

What are the two basic types of autotrophs?

Back 36

1. photoautotrophs
2. chemoautorophs

Front 37

Describe the nuclear envelope.

Back 37

It is a double-membrane structure with openings called nuclear pores.

Front 38

What is the "cytoplasm" found in the nucleus called?

Back 38

Nucleoplasm

Front 39

What is the function of nuclear pores?

Back 39

They control what comes into a cell and what is allowed to escape the cell.

Front 40

The DNA of eukaryotes is not in the form of chromosomes during most of the life of the cell. In what form is it?

Back 40

Chromatin material (thread-like) Chromosomes are only present when the cells is getting ready to undergo cell division (mitosis or meiosis).

Front 41

What cellular organelle is produced by the nucleolus inside the nucleus?

Back 41

Ribosomes

Front 42

What is the watery portion of the cytoplasm called?

Back 42

Cytosol

Front 43

What is cytoplasm?

Back 43

Cytoplasm includes are the organelles and the cytosol.

Front 44

What is the function of mitochondria?

Back 44

Manufacture ATP energy

Front 45

Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts referred to as possible endosymbionts?

Back 45

Because both have their own prokaryotic-like DNA separate from the cell's DNA in which they reside.

Front 46

When you see an organelle with an inner and outer membrane, what does that tell you.

Back 46

There is probably a lot of chemistry going on with all that membrane surface area to volume.

Front 47

Which cellular organelle is a "bag" of hydrolytic enzymes?

Back 47

lysosomes

Front 48

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back 48

produce proteins (both structural and functional)

Front 49

Ribosomes can be found in two places in cells. What are they?

Back 49

Some ribosomes are embedded into the wall of endoplasmic reticulum, and others float around free in the cytoplasm.

Front 50

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 50

Smooth and rough (also called granular and agranular)

Front 51

Which type of ER does not have ribosomes?

Back 51

Smooth

Front 52

Which cellular organelle, located near the nucleus, is composed of stacks of membranes?

Back 52

Golgi apparatus (body)

Front 53

What are the barrel-shaped organelles found only in animal cells that function during cell division?

Back 53

Centrioles

Front 54

The cytoskeleton is composed of what three types of fibers?

Back 54

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 55

What is the outer structure of an animal cell called?

Back 55

Plasma (cell) membrane