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13 Cards in this Set

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Solon
A reformed-minded aristocrat chosen by Athenian aristocrats in 594 BCE to become sole archon, giving him full power to make economic reforms in Athens. Establishes republic style rule with wise men (Archons) create laws approved by Polis, but voting rights limited to male property owners. Divided Athenian citizens into four classes on the basis of wealth.
Polis
Greek City-States, served as a focus or central point where the citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities.
Hoplite
- Name comes from round shield (Hoplon). Armor and arms purchased by soldier. Only citizens and land owners were qualified to serve as Hoplites. Primary weapon 6-8 foot spear and sword. Standard formation Phalanx (All men are equal).
Phalanx
Slow moving shoulder to shoulder rectangular formation of Hoplites wielding a 9 foot long spear in tight order, usually eight ranks deep.
Helots
Derived from the Greek word, “capture.”Conquered Laconian slaves that where bound to the land and forced to work on farms and as household servants to the Spartans.
Marathon, Battle of
490 BCE, Persian expeditionary force lands at Marathon in preparation for march on Athens. Forces: Greek 8,000, Persian 50,000. Sparta fails to assist, Greeks win, Perapippides runs to Athens with news of victory, dies. Regarded as one of history’s greatest battles, establishes European Identity.
Pheidippides
Runs to Athens with news of victory at Marathon, dies
Sappho
Born in the 7th Century was Greece’s greatest female lyric poet. Composed poetry and writing about Greek literature, teaches women and men, comes from the island Lesbos
Cynics
Reject all convention and tradition. Happiness found in practicing a simple un-materialistic lifestyle. Famous Cynic: Diogenes of Sinope, lived in Athens and Corinth, famously lived in a barrel (Lived on his own terms)
Thermopylae
480 BCE, Name translates to “Hot Gates.” Narrow pass between mountains and sea. Greek forces: 10,000 Persians: 80,000. Greeks outflanked, retreat. 300 Spartans remain to the last.
Peloponnesian Wars
Begins 341 BCE, fought throughout Greece, Islands, Sicily, and Asia Minor. 401 BCE, war ends with Athens surrender and Sparta’s short-lived dominance of Greece. Athens becomes Spartan puppet, war exhausted treasuries and man power of Sparta and Greece, Sparta overthrown by Helots (Slaves)
Philip II
- (359-336 BCE) Macedonian King, unifies Macedonians and conquers most of Greece (Save Sparta). 336 BCE: Phillip assassinated, succeeded by son Alexander
Alexander
Son of Phillip of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus. Displays ability to think, “outside the box,” at a young age. Age 13, becomes student of Aristotle, reads Iliad and dreams of glory. At age 18 commanded rightwing of father’s army. Distinguishes himself at battle of Chaeronea. 336 BCE succeeds father as King of Macedon. Reforms Macedonian/Greek army of 42,000 to invade Persian Empire. Desired to conquer the world and succeeded in conquering Greece, Egypt, Persia and most of Asia. Hailed as son of Zeus-Ammon by oracle at Siwa. Marries Bactrian Princess Roxana and settles in Babylon. 11 June 323 BCE: Alexander dies at age 32. Most likely cause malaria.