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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psittaciformes
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parrots (hookbills)
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Passeriformes
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songbirds
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Columbiformes
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pigeons/doves
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Galliformes
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fowl (chicken, turkey)
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Anseriformes
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waterfowl (geese, ducks)
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Falconiformes
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hawks/falcons/eagles
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strigiformes
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owls
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altricial chicks
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reared until they fledge
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precocial chicks
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leave in days
ex. chickens |
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Avians respond to positive or negative (punishment) reinforcement?
Do toys help boredom? |
positive
yes |
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What do horse neighs & whinnies mean?
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long distance communication
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What do horse nickers mean?
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come closer
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What do horse squeals mean?
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defensive
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What do horse short snorts mean?
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alarm, play
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What do horse groans & sighs mean?
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discomfort, tired, bored
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What do horse roars & screams mean?
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extreme arousal
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What does a horse foot stomp mean?
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low level threat or discomfort
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What does horse pawing mean?
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frustrated
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With horses, is positive or negative (punishment) reinforcement work?
Do toys work for boredom? |
negative - ask, tell, make training
NO |
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Type of horse stereotypies
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weaving, fence/stall walking, pawing, head shaking
oral problems - cribbing, tongue playing, lip smacking, hay dipping, wood chewing, biting |
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Do birds have strong bonds to their young?
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altricial - must rear young until they fledge
precocial - leave within days |
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Do horses have strong bonds to their young?
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yes
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Policy on horses initiating contact
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DONT let them! YOU must be the alpha personality
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How many bites of forage do cattle eat per day?
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30,000 bites/day
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How long do cows on forage chew their cud?
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6-10 hrs/day
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How long do cattle on concentrates chew their cud?
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0-6 hrs/day
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What are the steps of cudding?
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regurgitate (fibrous layer)
re-chew re-salivate re-swallow |
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What percentage of resting cows should be chewing their cud?
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60-70%
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What is a total mixed ration made of?
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60% concentrate
40% forage |
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What is the milk given-to-concentrate eaten ratio?
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1 lb concentrate eaten for every 3 lb of milk given
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What factors go into making a proper free stall for cattle?
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size
lunge space cushion good environment (ventilation, temp) |
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How do cattle stand up?
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rear-first
roll to put legs underneath straighten rear legs --> lunge forward 18in take 1 step forward for balance --> stride |
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How is cattle social structure set up?
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hierarchy pyramid, not linear
boss cow or bull |
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What is the "boar syndrome"?
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When 1 cow in a herd is a different color than the rest & is outcast
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Are cows typically attached to their calves?
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they'll protect their calves for 1st few hours--days
-hides calf from the herd for 1-2 days lick calf |
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How long is a cow's reproductive cycle?
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21 days
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How long is a cow in heat?
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12-18 hours
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How do you tell that a cow is in heat?
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increased activity, vocalization, social interaction
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How long does it take a calf to stand?
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10-60 min
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How large is a typical bovine flight zone?
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range cattle - up to 90 feet
dairy cattle - 5ft to non-existent |
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Are camelid mothers typically attached to their young?
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NO
interested, but don't lick or physically contact them much prefer to be touched on their back or distal neck--NOT the head |
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Rules about camelids initiating contact
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THEY want to do it
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What does a camelid's hum/cluck mean?
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bonding with cria
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What types of alarm sounds to camelids make?
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alarm squeal
ear-piercing scream |
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What sound do male camelids make? When?
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orgling during mating
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What different types of spit do camelids produce?
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grain - food
saliva - warning "serious" - green stomach contents |
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Which large animal is an induced ovulator?
How long are their follicular waves? |
camelids
10-12d |
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What is unique about camelid breeding? How long does it take?
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they breed lying down (kush position) and can breed year round
takes 20-50 min or more |
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Do male or female camelids initiate reproduction?
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Male rides female until she lies down or spits him off
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Do male or female bovines initiate reproduction?
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Bulls are turned loose and will ride a female; if receptive, she'll "stand"
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Do male or female horses initiate reproduction?
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males smell female pheromones with the flehmen response & will attempt to mount
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What is parturition called with camelids?
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unpacking or criation
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What is parturition called with equines?
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foaling
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Do camelids give birth during the day or at night?
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90% in the morning
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How long is an equine's gestation period?
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11 months
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How long is a camelid's gestation period?
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11 months
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How long does it take a cria to stand after birth?
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1 hr
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How long does it take a cria to begin nursing?
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within 2 hrs after standing
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How long (post partum) before a camelid can rebreed?
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10d but better if 20-30d
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What are typical eliminatory behaviors for camelids?
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"dung piling" of odorless "rabbit pellets"
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Does positive or negative reinforcement work better for camelids?
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positive via clicker training
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How large is a typical group of wild swine?
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5-10 with 1 lead boar
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What is typically allelomimetic behavior of swine?
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when one eats, they all eat
when one nurses, they all nurse (every 55 min) |
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How do submissive pigs end a fight?
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stop eye contact by hiding head
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Do pigs have upper and lower teeth?
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yes
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Do cattle have upper and lower teeth?
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NO
lower incisors & an upper "dental pad" |
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Are sows protective of their pigs? How do they recognize them?
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yes, very. especially if they squeal
by association to the nest |
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At what age are pigs commercially weaned?
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3-5 weeks
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At what age will a sow wean her own pigs?
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3-4 months
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Is it easy to foster pigs?
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yes, within the 1st 2 days
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Do toys help curb swine boredom?
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yes
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What is parturition called for swine?
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pigging or farrowing
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At what age do gilts reach puberty?
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6-8 months
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Sows are polyestrous. How often is their cycle?
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every 19-21 days
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How long are sows in heat?
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24-72 hours
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How long are sows receptive?
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12-32 hours
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When do sows ovulate?
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2nd day of heat
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How long does actual coitus last for swine?
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3-12 min
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How long is sow gestation?
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3mo, 3wk, 3days = 114 days
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How long post weaning do sows come into heat?
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4-7 days
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Do the male or female swine initiate courtship? How long can this courtship last?
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the FEMALE
24 hr courtship |
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How long before farrowing do sows nest?
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7-14 hours
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How long before farrowing are sows put into farrowing crates?
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5-7 days
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What is the average time interval between pigs?
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15 min
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Do sows give birth during the day or at night?
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60% at NIGHT!!
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What is the average # of pigs per litter?
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10.3 pigs/litter
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How long does it take a pig to locate a teat?
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3 min
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How long does it take for a pig to begin nursing?
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25-35 min
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How long does it take for a sow's milk to become cyclic, not continuous? How often is the cycle?
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10 hours
cycle every 55 min |
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How often does a pig nurse? What percentage of those times do they actually get milk?
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20-30 times/day
25-30% of nursing do NOT produce milk |
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What are the space requirements for housing pigs?
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weight class (in lb) space (sq.ft)
15-30 1.7-2.5 30-60 3-4 60-100 5 100-150 6 150-market 8 |
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What are male and female goats called?
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male - buck
female - doe |
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What are male and female sheep called?
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male - ram
female - ewe |
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Do small ruminants respond better to positive or negative reinforcement?
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positive - food + repetition
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Do sheep or goats tend to be more individualistic?
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goats
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How extensive (in degrees) is the visual range of small ruminants?
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270 degrees
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Do male or female small ruminants initiate mating?
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FEMALES seek the males
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Are does or ewes more vocal when in heat?
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does
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Are small ruminants slow breeders?
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no. rapid
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What tools can be used to determine whether a small ruminant has been bred or not?
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use a marking harness
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What is odd about the sexuality of male small ruminants?
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homosexuality is common
riding of a subordinate male spreads disease homosexuals dont make good breeders (duh) |
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Do female small ruminants remove themselves from the herd before giving birth?
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50% do. 50% give birth at the periphery
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Are small ruminant mothers attentive to their young?
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yes--sheep more than goats
they will lick & paw their young to stimulate--> may kill them |
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Is it easy to foster small ruminants?
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not as easy as with pigs. grafting must be done SOON after birth
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How long does it take before a small ruminant baby will nurse? How often will a healthy baby nurse?
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30 min
nurse 30x/day |
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Are sheep or goats more likely to be browsers?
What problems can this cause? |
goats.
they'll eat poisonous plants and can destroy trees. |
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What food-linked problems are noticed in small ruminants?
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both graze close to manure --> parasite problems
co-grazed with cattle --> Cu toxicity |
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Approximately how much space should be allotted per small ruminant?
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at least 8 square feet per animal
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Are sheep or goats more tolerant to bad weather?
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sheep
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How high should small ruminant fences be?
How wide should the chutes be? |
fences - at least 38 inches
chutes - no wider than 20 inches |
