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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theories of Inter-Ethnic Violence
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Primordialism (Informed view), The Ancient Hatreds View, The Security Dilemma Explanation, Modernization Theory, and Theories of Relative Deprivation
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Theories of Inter-Ethnic Violence: Primordialism
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Ethnic i.d. is hard-wired and important ("ethnic lens")
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What is the Key Question of the Primordial theory of inter-ethnic violence?
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Who is in charge of the group's destiny?
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Primordial Inter-Ethnic Violence: Answer who is in charge of the group's destiny?
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Ethnic link b/t those in charge?, the people want those in charge to be like them, Ethnic groups would rather be governed poorly by their brethren than well by ethnic strangers
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What are the consequences when strangers are in charge?
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Rebellion, secession, cleansing/genocide, etc.
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What are critiques of the primordial theory of Inter-Ethnic Violence?
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-Are the treatment/prosperity/etc. important? -Correct assumptions? -There are other reasons why people might fight (ex. resources) *Over predicts the incidents of conflict
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What is the Ancient Hatreds View of Inter-Ethnic Violence?
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Ethnic groups despise each other because of a history of conflictual relations, They have always fought and always will, A "Journalistic Theory"
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How are periods of peace explained in the Ancient Hatreds View of Inter-Ethnic Violence?
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The ill feelings are still there, but something gets in the way (strong central govt. or outside force)
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What view on Inter-Ethnic Violence is used to explain Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Palestine?
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The Ancient Hatreds View
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What are some critiques of the Ancient Hatreds View on Inter-Ethnic Violence?
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-Is it an accurate view on history? (Not really) -Alternate causes of war and peace? What about territory, resources? -Why did the first fight start?
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What is the Security Dilemma Explanation on Inter-Ethnic violence?
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Borrows from the neo/realist theory, states seek security due to Anarchy, Ethnic twist: Ethnic groups seek security
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What is the Dilemma in the "Security Dilemma Explanation?
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If you don't do anything, you feel insecure. If you do and they respond, you still feel insecure!
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Why would ethnic groups feel insecure?
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Collapsed/Collapsing state (Ex. Yemen, It might fit because the Yemenese govt. controls basically only the capital (kind of mimics a state of anarchy), Govt. "captured" by another group
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What happens when the insecure group does something in the security dilemma explanation?
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1.The problem with a defensive measure is that it might look offensive 2.Other group's response- Arm themselves, it looks to you like they're being offensive too!
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What are some critiques of the Security Dilemma Explanation?
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It's by theoretical ASSUMPTION, humans are self-interested in survival, it can be hard on your economy spending money on security, decreases allies, it's never ending, and does it always become violent?
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What are the Modernization Theories from Comparative Politics Thought?
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Modernization causes important changes
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What good can come out of Modernization?
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(Good) It promises greater material/economic rewards; (Good Politically) It promises greater political involvement
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Is the Modernization Theory a "smooth" process?
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It takes a while for the political and economic systems to develop, so it really depends; But it doesn't take as long for people to increase their expectations--- This causes discord b/t "rising expectations" and REALITY, leading to frustration and violence
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How does ethnicity fit into the Modernization Theory?
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Ex.- Chinese cheap manual labor for Western companies who go for inland peasants-- Socio-Cultural, economic, and political dislocation (and i.d. crisis?); Ethnic i.d. steps in; It provides a basis on which disenchanted, frustrated people can organize politically
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What are some critiques of the Modernization Theory?
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One solution might be to organize based on class or something other than ethnicity; And what about the empirical record? How many states have modernized
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What are the Theories of Relative Deprivation?
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"Relative"-- It's the comparison of the group's well-being on political and/or economic grounds
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What is the Problem with the Theories of Relative Deprivation?
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Not every group can be "ahead"-- (a) an ethnic group is experiencing 'objective' discrimination by another group, (b) a group 'perceives' discrimination by another group
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In Relative Deprivation, how can an ethnic group experience 'objective' discrimination by another group?
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political/medical records, polling places, laws, education, standard of living, etc.
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In Relative Deprivation, when an ethnic group is experiencing 'objective' discrimination by another group, it explains what? And give an example.
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why disadvantaged groups rebel. Ex.- American civil rights, N. Ireland from England with parliamentary representation
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With Relative Deprivation, when a group 'perceives' discrimination by another group, it explains what? And give an example.
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Why well-to-do groups rebel. Ex.- Tutsis, Tamils, Sikhs, etc.
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In the Relative Deprivation theory, when a group 'perceives' discrimination by another group, what does the group think?
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That is deserves more than it gets
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What are some critiques of the Relative Deprivation Theories?
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1. How do you tell b/t actual discrimination and perceived discrimination? 2.Perception is subjective. Basically everyone can claim they're being discriminated against. (Ex.- White Africans in S.Africa claiming they needed to govern blacks because they otherwise wouldn't be able to govern themselves)
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What school of thought does Bowen support?
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Instrumentalism
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What ideas does Bowen challenge?
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Ethnic i.d.'s are ancient, Ethnic i.d.'s motivate war, Diversity leads to violence
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What does Bowen say conflicts are really about?
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1. caused by elite conflict over Power/Wealth, Elites in charge try to protect their positions while out-of-power elites want the power 2.Elites deceive the masses
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According to Bowen, what happens when Elites deceive the masses?
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They stoke mass panic to create: Fear, the perception of the need for their leadership, Who will best protect them from "the others?"
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According to Bowen, what is an example of the process of "outbidding?"
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Rwanda, Bosnia-- Genocides
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According to Bowen, what are some consequences of Ethnic violence?
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-Fear, Security Dilemma
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What are some critiques of Bowen's argument?
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Behavioral assumptions about the elites and masses are inconsistent (elites smart, masses dumb?) media manipulation
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What are the most common views on the role of Ethnic Conflict? (Final Thoughts)
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1. a cause of conflict (e.g.- N.Ireland, Palestine, Kosovo) 2. a glue that holds a group together that is involved in conflict (collective action problem) 3. a tool that is to be manipulated
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What are 4 African Realities?
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1.Africa has 1000's of vaguely defined communal groups 2.Colonial Legacy 3.African states try to build state-wide id's, but 4.There are weak central governments and collapsing states
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What are common communal organizations' types in Africa?
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Non-sovereign kingdoms, tribes, clans, families, nomadic groups, ethnic groups, occupation, pan-african id Agenda that Africa is one
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What are some key markers defining communal groups in Africa?
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Ancestry/bloodlines, religion, geographic location, language, race, cultural practices, political boundaries
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Africa's history of exploitation has caused what?
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Image of self, distrust, paranoia (ex. of paranoia- Coca Cola square logo had sterilizing capacity)
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Africa's manipulation of local id's does what?
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Pits groups against each other, leaves bad inter-group memories (Rwanda)
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In Africa, what is the result of weak central governments and collapsing states?
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Hard to sustain state-wide id causing people to REVERT to localized id's
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Africans' desire for self-determination/secession causes what?
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Security dilemma, but there's no way out. Govt. capture-- "Bad Governments"
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The vicious cycle of discrimination and exploitation in Africa leads to what?
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(Military) Dictatorships or illegitimate/weak govt.'s and states
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What was the Belgians' role in Rwandan Identity?
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-Systemize id (Develop markers and make distinction important)
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According to T & G, why did the Belgians sytemize Rwandan id?
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(Instrumental motives of manipulation) They needed a minority to help exploit the area
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According to Young, why did the Belgians systemize the Rwandan id?
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Doing what they knew, Replicating the Walloon-Flemish division and they thought they were bringing order
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In Rwanda, what is the recent violence really about?
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A. identity based intolerance (deep incompatibilities or ancient hatreds) B. A version of class conflict (Relative Deprivation)
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What was the problem for the new leaders in the former Yugoslavia?
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How to keep the country together in spite of increasing national awareness? Spreading across Europe over the past century (nationalism); Why not let the groups go their separate ways?-- Power!
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What is the Solution to Yugoslavian past?
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Identity transformation (Huntington), How?- Making people believe they need you
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What are the two phases of the the New Problem in Yugoslavia?
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Phase 1: How to carve up the old states?- New state and old ethnic boundaries don't correspond (Ra'anan), Ethnic minority are ubiquitous Phase 2: Should the new states be divided even more?
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