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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some characteristics of Liberal Individualism in Ethnic Conflict?
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Application of principles of liberal individualism to ethnic relations
Liberals value individuals and individual liberty is considered the basic unit of all value in public affairs Do not like ethnic diversity because it emphasizes a group Many western social scientists are liberal and uncomfortable with ethnicity because it goes against their beliefs |
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What is Assimilation as a way to manage ethnic conflict? (France as example)
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Assimilation of the French variety
• Has a standard culture to which everyone must conform—everyone welcome provided the standard culture that is considered superior is accepted • Foreign culture cannot leave their mark—not a melting pot • Foreigners must dress the way, act the way, speak the way of the superior culture—different religion is okay |
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What is integration as a way to manage ethnic conflict?
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• There is a melting pot
• Arriving cultures accept the mainstream culture but also influence it, leave their mark on it • Evident from the variety of ethnic foods in the US • Even an integrationist society has Charter (people who think they were there first) people, those who came first and established the language of the mainstream-Portuguese in Brazil and English in the US—which others are expected to learn • Ethnic associations are free to organize but don’t have any support from the state • German American before WWI were very big but now has assimilated • Yiddish newspaper “Forward” is struggling • Majority of Japanese in US intermarry and their offspring do not identify with country of the parents • Ethnic organizations exist to help new immigrants to adjust to the new society, fight stereotypes and raise money—Jews, Arabs, Tamils, and others. |
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How does prestige fit in in integration?
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Propensity of arriving cultures to accept the culture of the host state depends on the prestige attached to it
If host culture is considered prestigious, immigrants accept it and melt into it --the US and France until recently • Chinese in the US but not in Indonesia • Muslims in France do not consider French culture to be superior |
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What are the two dimensions of integration?
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Cultural and Social
Cultural comes first and involves learning the language and adopting dress cuisine and life styles Social involves living in mixed neighborhoods, attending mixed churches and social clubs |
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How have different ethnic groups integrated into the US?
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• In the US cultural integration has been achieved
• Ethnic groups forming their own associations is considered a useful first step toward becoming a part of society • America has been able to elicit the support of its people as evident from the feeling of unity after the 9/11 attacks • Ethnic communities weaken as migrants stop coming in and offspring move on as the Czechs, the Italians, and the Irish have • When immigrants belong to a religion different from that of the host society, integration is slow but not completely blocked—most Jews in the US marry outside their faith, also true of Greeks and the Armenians • But religion is a significant factor of differentiation not just in immigrant societies but also in non-immigrant multiethnic societies-Jews and Arabs in Palestine, Tamils in Sri Lanka • Some cultures decline any assimilation such as the Amish, Hasidic Jews and Navajo Indians • Practically all groups have socially integrated in the US except the African Americans due to racial prejudice • Integrationist culture keeps evolving accepting new words in its language, culinary influences and popular culture such as humor • But certain values remain intact—individualism, work ethic, ambivalence toward government, religious identification and propensity to organize for common causes |
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How has Brazil managed their ethnic conflict issues?
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Also an immigrant society
• Now non-Portuguese immigrants outnumber those of Portuguese descent and the society has attained political, cultural, and social integration except for Afro Brazilians and people of mixed race • This is not withstanding the fact that the constitution provides for equality for all |
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How has South Africa managed their ethnic conflict issues?
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• After ending apartheid rule, the ANC accepted the goal of non racial democracy based on equality
• Declined to have separate homeland for Zulus and the tribal people • For the most part political integration was achieved • Recognition of 11 different languages—two of them are European • But social integration is still a dream because of class differences between the blacks and the whites who live in segregated neighborhoods |
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What are some other countries' policies regarding immigration?
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Some rich countries allow legal or illegal immigration, immigrants who do work which local people do not want to do—Japan, middle east and no naturalization
Those countries that allow naturalization and citizenship by birth have immigrants into their society and the offspring move on with the mainstream • When the flow of immigration continues and keeps reviving the Diaspora then integration remains an elusive goal because there is constant renewal even as the progeny integrate o Mexicans and Caribbean people in the US o Debate in the US and its political implications (immigration) |
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What is discrimination by host society as a barrier to integration?
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• Discrimination by host society
o In the Us and Europe racial discrimination prevents social integration barring some sectors such as athletics, entertainment, military and academia o People of Asian and Latin descent integrate more easily than African Americans who were born here and speak English o Republican party in the South |
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How are ethnic conflicts managed in domination systems that are Authoritarian? Examples?
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Authoritarian systems (exclusion by coercion)
• Rely on coercion and state power-police, military, judiciary, and intelligence • Will not allow ethnic organizations or mobilization • Intimidate all ethnic mobilization by harsh repression so that people are silenced as in Syria, Iraq under Saddam Hussein, Fiji • They create ethnic organization of their own that are closely monitored and supervised as the Soviets did in the USSR—provinces had ethnic boundaries but controlled by the Communist Party • South Africa split up the black population, separate homelands for each tribe dependent white government • Chinese maintain an academy in Beijing to train Communist Party cadres from the minority groups who then act as agents of the party and the state—they speak with the accent of the local people but administered the policy in the Beijing government—co-opted by the state EXCLUSION BY COERCION |
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What is domination by recognizing minority rights?
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• Instead of exclusion, authoritarian systems may grants rights to minorities to enable them to reconcile to their subordinate status
• Ottomans did this to the Christians and Jews, the people of the religions of the book • Rights represent symbolic concession that actually enable the state to monitor the groups better |
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How is there domination in democratic systems?
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• Political democracies also dominate minorities who are treated as second class citizens, majoritarian democracies.
• Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka where the majority always dominated the minority and overruled it • Democratic systems also practice domination by ignoring that an ethnic group problem exists as in Turkey and France (Corsica) • The French government acted only when riots broke out and granted right to Corsicans • Israel has consistently marginalized the Palestinians who are in the Occupied Territory and Arabs in Israel who are not trusted |
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How are ethnic conflicts managed in power-sharing systems?
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Such sytems inherently accommodative as the aim to resolve ethnic conflicts through peaceful means, rules, compromises and consensus
Even such systems not immune to conflict and there may be times when it might be better to allow minorities to secede because accommodation becomes impossible • Czech, Pakistan-Bangladesh, Slovenia/Macedonia/Croatia are examples of secession ending conflict in former Yugoslavia • Eritrea from Ethiopia and Bosnia from Yugoslavia examples of where secession did not end it • Sudan and Sri Lanka will have to be the 2nd best option as it would also be for the Kurds in Iraq • Professor Kohli talks of inverted U shaped curve as a description of the pattern of ethnic conflict and mobilization in a democratic well governed state Federalism Face Their Own Problems • Status of minorities within provinces which the homeland people do not always recognize (Francophone in Quebec) • Control of resources of the central government—Yugoslavia |
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What are some problems in the transition to an integrative society?
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o Governments tend to deny these problems and or make only symbolic concessions
o Mexico recognizes the contribution of indigenous people to its culture but did not do anything until a violent rebellion broke out in the Chiapas region in 1980s o But symbolic gestures are made and appreciated in the US, U, South Africa, and English speaking Canada o In the US transition problems of late have been controversial Latin immigrants not satisfied with symbols o Government services have been provided in two languages buts ome militant Hispanic intellectuals claim that bilingualism should not be only for services to ease the burdens of transition but also to preserve culture o Backlash against it in the form of English only referenda in many states o Some suggest that all ethnic organization should be made open to all others so that they can become cross ethnic o Affirmative action policies in the US, Malaysia and Brazil have become controversial o Singapore is a multiethnic society which does not tolerate political ethnic expression—all business of government is done in English |
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What are the two methods of managing ethnic conflict in a federalized power-sharing system?
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1. increase autonomy for regionalized ethnic units.
ex. Quebec 2. greater influence in central government in order to protect interests and to strengthen financial resources. Ex. Nigeria--3 ethnic communities split into 36 states |
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How is ethnic conflict manages in cosociational power-sharing systems?
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Used when the distribution of ethnic communities does not allow for federal regulation.
Conflict managed by coalition governments (b/c no party can achieve majority) who then "sell" the compromises to their ethnic constituents. These are very fragile dependent upon complex arrangement and rules Two Problems: • Outbidding as in Northern Ireland • Majority can rethink the veto and provoke further conflict |
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What is "institutional engineering"?
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elections should be structured so that candidates will look outside of their own ethnic community for support. favors candidates with more moderate agendas and appeal to common interests of the state.
Only applies to populations where the ethnic communities are mixed and not territorially separated. successful in papua new guinea |
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What are the three scenarios for the future of ethnic conflict?
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•Ethnic identities and solidarities are enduring and are here to stay, will not disappear in situation of peaceful coexistence events willa rise that will cause ethnic tensions to flare up political entrepreneurs will exploit situations
•Integration eill success either by inducement or coercion this is the liberal project based individualism and ethnic identities will disappear •Multiculturalism—we should not expect cultures to disappear but instead should celebrate diversity of cultures accept them as inevitable and good in themselves, they are usually good o Mongrelization—mixing of blood and culture will result in hybrid culture The first scenario is most likely because most of the mixing is occurring at the margins of society |
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How do modernization and globalization affect ethnic conflict?
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• The theory of modernization—popular in the West after WWII, expected ethnic identities to disappear or certainly weaken with the advancement of modernization and transition from traditional society
• There were similar expectations from globalization o That did not happen—actually globalization may have sharpened these identities o Free flow of goods and investment benefit people of some ethnic groups and inflict harm on others o Islamic revivalism a backlash against globalization, as is the mobilization of Indians of Ecuador who felt threatened by forces of globalization as their resources and style of life were challenged by globalization |
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what are the two reasons that many ethnic communities that desire a homeland cannot obtain one?
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All ethnic groups that desire a homeland cannot have it for two major reasons
•All territory in the world has been spoken for by states who will not yield it to anyone else oIndia Russia and the US willing to grant autonomy but not statehood •In many instances residential patterns are so mixed that the only way to create state ethnic groups would be to engage in wholesale transfer of people against their will—Bosnia, Lebanon •So power sharing will have to be accepted and this will create conflict •Conflict is built into and is expected in domination and power sharing systems Transnational migration will not diminish because opportunities are not the same everywhere •Migrants find it easier to maintain Diaspora status because it is easier to go home and maintain contacts with “home state.” •Inevitable tension between native and new arrivals—Europe and North America •Changing demographics here white population is declining and the colored increasing •Acculturation taking place-25% of Hispanics in the US marry non-Hispanics but that is only a minority •Many groups refuse acculturation for various reasons—Turks in Germany, this making conflict inevitable |
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How does terrorism relate to ethnic conflict?
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•Violent attacks on civilians and non-military targets, through clandestine operations by non-uniformed persons
•Political objectives This will remain a tool by aggrieved ethnic communities—Hamas, Tamil Tigers. Etc. Although we must keep in mind that terrorism is used by groups whose causes are not related to ethnic grievances |
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Ethnic conflict occurs based on perceptions about what?
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•Lack of respect for one community by the sate or by others inside or outside the country
•Lack of self determination—participation in governance in an equitable manner •Lack of respect for one’s culture and opportunity to preserve and promote it •Lack of access to scare resources—jobs in the public sector, government contracts, admission to universitites If a community feels that none of the above has happened and it has not been aggrieved it may not mobilize but still will anticipate threats to what it has, does not wish tot lose its advantages |
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What other lessons have we learned about ethnic conflict?
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•Those who are aggrieved will mobilize with or without external help
•Factions will invariably form within ethnic groups==differences relate to strategy •But ethnic conflict will occur and the question is what would be the appropriate response to it •It is clear that governments, leaders of ethnic communities and international community can respond to these conflict in a way that will results in effective management •Success includes—south Africa, Malaysia and Canada •Failures include Israel/Palestine, Trinidad, Fiji, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Sudan •Domination, Power-sharing and integrationist systems respond to ethnic conflicts in different ways and with different degrees o success •Almost everywhere events will spin out of control and call for appropriate management techniques by the parties involved including the international community |
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What is the new norm that has developed in the 21st century regarding ethnic conflict?
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• If there is a flagrant violation of such rights international communities may intervene either through a variety of means ranging from mediation to use of force to respect the rights of the people as it did in Bosnia, Kosovo, and East Timor—there can also be the use of international tribunals to try individuals for crimes against humanity
•But such intervention should be authorized by some international body •UN is cumbersome but it has intervened effectively in some cases •But who will respond to violations against powerful nation like China, Russia or Israel •We already have a set of techniques available and know what works •What is needed is the will to prevent and manage such conflicts and prevent needless loss of life |
