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78 Cards in this Set
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theories that focus primarily on the ethical value of kinds of action; also called conduct based theories or an ethics of doing
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Act-centered normative theories
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subset of normative ethics that focus on particular ethical problem areas
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Applied ethics
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developed the most important and influential character centered or virtue based ethical theory
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Aristotle
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theories that focus primarily on the ethical value of having a certain kind of character; also called virtue-based ethics or an ethics of being
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character-centered normative theories
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a theory that states that a character trait should stand between a kind of excess and a kind of deficiency
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doctrine of the mean
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subset of normative ethics that focuses on ethical principles that apply throughout all situations
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ethical theory
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a justifiaction of morality based on what promotes the "good life"
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Eudaemonism
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traits that are morally valued
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Moral Virtues
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Traits that are valued for non-moral reasons
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Non-moral Virtues
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related to a particular goal or end
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teleological
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theories that hold that value terms are the most basic elements of ethics
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axiological theorios
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eithical theory that holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action does depend entirely on the consequences it produces
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consequentialism
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term used to direc, conduct, such as "right" and "wrong"
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deontic terms
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theories that hold that deontic terms are not entirely dependent on value terms
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deontological theories
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an ethical theory that focuses chiefly on general rules
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moral legalism
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a theory that holds that general rules are not the most important part of ethics, rather each action must be evaluated on its own terms in the specific situation
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moral particularism
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ethical theory that holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action is wholly independent of the goodness or badness of things or states of affairs
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strong deontological theories
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theories that hold that the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend entirely on the consequences they produce
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non consequentialism
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theories that hold that the rightness or wrongness of an action is totally independent of the consequences of the act
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strong non consequentialism
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terms used to evaluate things or state of affairs
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value terms
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theories that hold the rightness or wrongness of actions may sometimes be partly determined by the consequences, but is also determined by some factors that are independent of the consequences
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weak consequentialist theories
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theories that hold the rightness or wrongness of an action is partly independent of the goodness or badness of things or states of affairs but also partly dependent
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weak deontological theories
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a theory that holds that the right act is the one that creates more happiness than any other act available to the agent
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act utilitarianism
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value that is not inherent due to the nature of the thing or object in question
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extrinsic value
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a theory that holds that all pleasures have to be given equal ethical weight
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hedonistic utilitarianism
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based on pleasure
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hedonistic
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worth, regard, or value that is inherent due to the nature of the thing or object in question
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intrinsic value
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a theory that holds that the right action is that which maximizes the satisfaction of the desires or preferences of all the individuals involved
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preference utilitarianism
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ethical principle that holds that the actions are right to te extent that they produce happiness; also called the Greatest Happiness Principle
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Principle of Utility
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a theory that holds that the right action is that which accords with a rule that maximizes happiness
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rule utilitarianism
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the belief that ethical rightness is identical to the maximization of pleasure
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utilitarianism
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capable of self rule
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autonomous
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ethical dictate that applies to every person unavoidably, regardless of what that person wants or desires
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categorical imperitave
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the motive to do the right thing
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good will
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second formulation of the categorical imperitive; tells us to treat humanity always as an end, never simply as a means
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humanity as an end in itself
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a command or prescrition that tells you to perform a certain action becuase you want something
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hypothetical imperative
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an ethical theory that begins from the idea that the ethical value of an action depends not upon the action's consequences, but upon the motive of the person who performed the action
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Kantianism
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third formulation of of the categorical imperative; tells us that every person ought to act on ethical laws or rules that would constitute the legislation of a kingdom of purely rational agents
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kingdom of ends formulation
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a statement of an action and its intention
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maxim
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ethical theory that holds that true ethical understanding is a purely rational matter in which emotion and sentiment play no central role
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rationalism
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first formulation of the categorical imperative; requires a person to formulate a maxim and then conceive or imagine that this maxim is something by which everyone must always live
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universal law formulation
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what we ethically ought to do in a particular situation
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actual duty
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the belief that ethical properties cannot be reduced to any other type of property, and that ethical properties have a unique kind of existence that cannot be grasped through the five senses and explained by science
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intuitionism
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term used to describe a theory that has one single foundation
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monistic
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term used to describe a theory that has multiple foundations
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pluralstic
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on the face of things or at first sight; something that we all initially believe is an ethical duty
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prima facie
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20th century English philosopher who developed a prominent non-consequentialist ethical theory
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W.D.Ross
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what a person deserves
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desert
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concerns the distribution of goods and burdens
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distributive burden
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theory that states that like cases ought to be treated allike and different casess ought to be treated differently
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formal principle of justice
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neither illegitimately benefiting one party nor illegitimately harming another
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impartial
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developed a theory of justice called the social contract, which is the view that morality is founded solely on uniform social agreements that serve the best interests of those who make the agreement
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thomas Hobbes
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concrete principles of justice or specific accounts of what desert and likeness amount to
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material principle of justice
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a hypothetical situation in which we have no knowledge of facts about the world such as race, sex, education etc
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original position
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a 20th century American philosopher who developed one of the most influential theories of distributive justice
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John Rawls
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a method of ethical justice whose goal it is to bring into harmony both our general ethical principles and our considered ethical judgments about particular issues
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reflective equilibrium
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concerns penalties for violations
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retributive justice
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ethical theory that states that the rules that govern society originate in an agreement between free and equal individuals
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social contract theory
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Rawl's principles, the first of which tells us to give citizens as political liberty as possible, as long as political liberty is equal; the second principle tells us to allow economic inequalities only if they benefit the people who are worst of in society
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the two principles of justice
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hypothetical blindness to the world that occurs when we are in the original position
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veil of ignorance
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prominant feminist psychologist who advocates a shift to care-based perspective, or ethics of caring
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Carol Gilligan
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the ethical theory that states that ethical judgment is common to those within a human community
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communitarianism
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ethical theory that holds that the institute of morality can only develop within societies rather than existing in som eternal and immutable mind-independent realm
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conventionalim
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an influential ethical sentimentalist
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David Hume
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The ethical theory that holds that human beings should be viewed as members of a community with many interpersonal connections and attachments; also called care-based ethics or an ethics of caring
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feminism
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a view that holds that ethical value is bound to a great extent to the ways of established communities
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moral conservation
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the morality of the strong and the powerful; the chief virtues of this morality are pride, self-assertion, and the like
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aristocratic morality
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DeBeauvoir's term for a person who does not try to deny his or her freedom by adopting the decision procedures of others; a person who creates his or her own values, independent of what others may have done
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Authentic person
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the freedom possessed by someone who creates his or her own life plan and values
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creative freedom
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ethical theory that denies that God exists; says that the individual is ultimately responsible for his own acts, without any real knowledge of right or wrong
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existentialism
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the freedom that all people have to actin whichever way they decide; also called free will
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freedom of spontaneity
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Nietzsche's theory that established that morality is a human invention, one that may be accpeted as is, altered, or rejected in favor of something else
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genealogy of morals
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a product of the shared life of people within actual communities
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intersubjective
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20th century french existentialist
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Jean-Paul Sartre
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19th century philospher who believed that God did not exist and that there were no objective ethical values built into the fabric of the universe
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Nietzsche
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De Beauvior's team for a conformist
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Serious person
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20th century French existentialist
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Simone De Beauvior
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the morality of the weak and powerless; the chief virtues of this morality are humility, obedience, and the like
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Slave Morality
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