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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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theories that focus primarily on the ethical value of kinds of action; also called conduct based theories or an ethics of doing
Act-centered normative theories
subset of normative ethics that focus on particular ethical problem areas
Applied ethics
developed the most important and influential character centered or virtue based ethical theory
Aristotle
theories that focus primarily on the ethical value of having a certain kind of character; also called virtue-based ethics or an ethics of being
character-centered normative theories
a theory that states that a character trait should stand between a kind of excess and a kind of deficiency
doctrine of the mean
subset of normative ethics that focuses on ethical principles that apply throughout all situations
ethical theory
a justifiaction of morality based on what promotes the "good life"
Eudaemonism
traits that are morally valued
Moral Virtues
Traits that are valued for non-moral reasons
Non-moral Virtues
related to a particular goal or end
teleological
theories that hold that value terms are the most basic elements of ethics
axiological theorios
eithical theory that holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action does depend entirely on the consequences it produces
consequentialism
term used to direc, conduct, such as "right" and "wrong"
deontic terms
theories that hold that deontic terms are not entirely dependent on value terms
deontological theories
an ethical theory that focuses chiefly on general rules
moral legalism
a theory that holds that general rules are not the most important part of ethics, rather each action must be evaluated on its own terms in the specific situation
moral particularism
ethical theory that holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action is wholly independent of the goodness or badness of things or states of affairs
strong deontological theories
theories that hold that the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend entirely on the consequences they produce
non consequentialism
theories that hold that the rightness or wrongness of an action is totally independent of the consequences of the act
strong non consequentialism
terms used to evaluate things or state of affairs
value terms
theories that hold the rightness or wrongness of actions may sometimes be partly determined by the consequences, but is also determined by some factors that are independent of the consequences
weak consequentialist theories
theories that hold the rightness or wrongness of an action is partly independent of the goodness or badness of things or states of affairs but also partly dependent
weak deontological theories
a theory that holds that the right act is the one that creates more happiness than any other act available to the agent
act utilitarianism
value that is not inherent due to the nature of the thing or object in question
extrinsic value
a theory that holds that all pleasures have to be given equal ethical weight
hedonistic utilitarianism
based on pleasure
hedonistic
worth, regard, or value that is inherent due to the nature of the thing or object in question
intrinsic value
a theory that holds that the right action is that which maximizes the satisfaction of the desires or preferences of all the individuals involved
preference utilitarianism
ethical principle that holds that the actions are right to te extent that they produce happiness; also called the Greatest Happiness Principle
Principle of Utility
a theory that holds that the right action is that which accords with a rule that maximizes happiness
rule utilitarianism
the belief that ethical rightness is identical to the maximization of pleasure
utilitarianism
capable of self rule
autonomous
ethical dictate that applies to every person unavoidably, regardless of what that person wants or desires
categorical imperitave
the motive to do the right thing
good will
second formulation of the categorical imperitive; tells us to treat humanity always as an end, never simply as a means
humanity as an end in itself
a command or prescrition that tells you to perform a certain action becuase you want something
hypothetical imperative
an ethical theory that begins from the idea that the ethical value of an action depends not upon the action's consequences, but upon the motive of the person who performed the action
Kantianism
third formulation of of the categorical imperative; tells us that every person ought to act on ethical laws or rules that would constitute the legislation of a kingdom of purely rational agents
kingdom of ends formulation
a statement of an action and its intention
maxim
ethical theory that holds that true ethical understanding is a purely rational matter in which emotion and sentiment play no central role
rationalism
first formulation of the categorical imperative; requires a person to formulate a maxim and then conceive or imagine that this maxim is something by which everyone must always live
universal law formulation
what we ethically ought to do in a particular situation
actual duty
the belief that ethical properties cannot be reduced to any other type of property, and that ethical properties have a unique kind of existence that cannot be grasped through the five senses and explained by science
intuitionism
term used to describe a theory that has one single foundation
monistic
term used to describe a theory that has multiple foundations
pluralstic
on the face of things or at first sight; something that we all initially believe is an ethical duty
prima facie
20th century English philosopher who developed a prominent non-consequentialist ethical theory
W.D.Ross
what a person deserves
desert
concerns the distribution of goods and burdens
distributive burden
theory that states that like cases ought to be treated allike and different casess ought to be treated differently
formal principle of justice
neither illegitimately benefiting one party nor illegitimately harming another
impartial
developed a theory of justice called the social contract, which is the view that morality is founded solely on uniform social agreements that serve the best interests of those who make the agreement
thomas Hobbes
concrete principles of justice or specific accounts of what desert and likeness amount to
material principle of justice
a hypothetical situation in which we have no knowledge of facts about the world such as race, sex, education etc
original position
a 20th century American philosopher who developed one of the most influential theories of distributive justice
John Rawls
a method of ethical justice whose goal it is to bring into harmony both our general ethical principles and our considered ethical judgments about particular issues
reflective equilibrium
concerns penalties for violations
retributive justice
ethical theory that states that the rules that govern society originate in an agreement between free and equal individuals
social contract theory
Rawl's principles, the first of which tells us to give citizens as political liberty as possible, as long as political liberty is equal; the second principle tells us to allow economic inequalities only if they benefit the people who are worst of in society
the two principles of justice
hypothetical blindness to the world that occurs when we are in the original position
veil of ignorance
prominant feminist psychologist who advocates a shift to care-based perspective, or ethics of caring
Carol Gilligan
the ethical theory that states that ethical judgment is common to those within a human community
communitarianism
ethical theory that holds that the institute of morality can only develop within societies rather than existing in som eternal and immutable mind-independent realm
conventionalim
an influential ethical sentimentalist
David Hume
The ethical theory that holds that human beings should be viewed as members of a community with many interpersonal connections and attachments; also called care-based ethics or an ethics of caring
feminism
a view that holds that ethical value is bound to a great extent to the ways of established communities
moral conservation
the morality of the strong and the powerful; the chief virtues of this morality are pride, self-assertion, and the like
aristocratic morality
DeBeauvoir's term for a person who does not try to deny his or her freedom by adopting the decision procedures of others; a person who creates his or her own values, independent of what others may have done
Authentic person
the freedom possessed by someone who creates his or her own life plan and values
creative freedom
ethical theory that denies that God exists; says that the individual is ultimately responsible for his own acts, without any real knowledge of right or wrong
existentialism
the freedom that all people have to actin whichever way they decide; also called free will
freedom of spontaneity
Nietzsche's theory that established that morality is a human invention, one that may be accpeted as is, altered, or rejected in favor of something else
genealogy of morals
a product of the shared life of people within actual communities
intersubjective
20th century french existentialist
Jean-Paul Sartre
19th century philospher who believed that God did not exist and that there were no objective ethical values built into the fabric of the universe
Nietzsche
De Beauvior's team for a conformist
Serious person
20th century French existentialist
Simone De Beauvior
the morality of the weak and powerless; the chief virtues of this morality are humility, obedience, and the like
Slave Morality