Ethics Test 3 Terms

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hadith

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The records of the pronouncements and behaviors of the Prophet Muhammad. Significant texts in the hadith allude to the importance of female gratification and satisfaction in the sexual act.

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shari'a

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Islamic law. Contains a five-fold classification scheme for actions that range from required to forbidden (more ethical than legal).

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fiqh

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an extension of Islamic law; fiqh texts state that sex is a male right and a female duty.

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mahr

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Compensation paid to a bride's family in exchange for considering her offspring part of the husband's tribe rather than that of her father and brothers. This was a pre-Islamic tradition in Arabia.

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fitna

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Disagreement/tension. Classical texts usually focus on the effects of female dissatisfaction and the potential for social fitna.

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fatwa

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A legal opinion according to the shari'a (the corpus of Islamic law). Recent fatwas declare that a woman who converts to Islam is not necessarily required to divorce her Jewish or Christian husband.

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ahl al-kitab

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“people of the book”, generally understood to be Jewish or Christian people (controversy in having intimate relationships with kitabis)

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mushrikun

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one who falsely associates someone with god. There are texts that prohibit marriage between Muslim men and women who are mushrikun.

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haram

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forbidden. Modern Muslims often wonder if it is haram for a Muslim woman to be married to a non-Muslim.

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Hanafi

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A Sunni school of legal thought. One article by Radd al-Muhtar states that "after the first time, intercourse is his right, not her right."

Also, Hanafi texts present the marriage of Muslim men to kitabi women as “valid” but “abominable.”

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Dharma

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the ultimate foundation for Buddhist ethics, the universal law that governs both the physical and moral order of the universe, Dharma is manifest in the law of karma.

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Samsara

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the cycle of rebirth; neglecting or transgressing Dharma is said to lead to endless suffering in the samsara.

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Duhkha

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; one of the four noble truths (all existence is suffering)

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Prajna

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insight; one of the six special virtues of the Mahayana (The Six Perfections)

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Sila

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morality; one of the six special virtues of the Mahayana (The Six Perfections)

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Samadhi

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meditation; one of the six special virtues of the Mahayana (The Six Perfections)

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Dana

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generosity, one of the six special virtues of the Mahayana (The Six Perfections)

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karma vinaya

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????

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Pratimoksa

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an inventory of offenses organized into several categories according to the gravity of the offence. It is the first of three sections of the Vinaya, and contains rules for monks and nuns.

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Ahimsa

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‘non-harming’/’non-violence’, but also a deeply positive respect for living beings (one of the most basic principles of Buddhist ethics)

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Karuna

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compassion; an important virtue in all schools of Buddhism, but particularly emphasized by the Mahayana (one of the Divine Abidings in early Buddhism)

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Theravada

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the oldest surviving Buddhist school; relatively conservative and close to early Buddhism (less popular than Mahayana)

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Mahayana

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a major movement in the history of Buddhism, embracing many schools of thought and reinterpreting fundamental religious ideals, beliefs, and values (more popular than Theravada)

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Bodhisattva

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an ‘enlightenment being’, a follower of Mahayana Buddhism

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Milinda

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a Greek king. One of the few early texts to explore moral dilemmas is called Milinda’s Questions, and includes a debate between Milinda and a Buddhist monk.

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Thich Nhat Hanh

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a Vietnamese monk who coined the term “socially engaged Buddhism” (emphasizes awareness in daily life, social service, and social activism)

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Jatakas

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folktales featuring animals and nature that are meant to impart moral lessons to human beings, but are often misinterpreted as demonstrating Buddhism’s ecological credentials

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six gatis (list all)

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six realms, separated hierarchically by status and nature (hell, the animal realm, the ghostly realm, the titans, human beings, and the heavenly realm)

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Pandakas

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More than likely, a class of socially stigmatized class of passive homosexuals. These people were not allowed to be ordained as monks.

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Atman

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the soul/self. The false belief in a self and a desire to protect that self against others who are thought to threaten it is seen as one underlying cause of aggression and egocentrism (as seen by Buddhism)

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Asoka

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a 3rd century emperor who is often given as the model for a Buddhist ruler. He renounced violence and vowed to rule by Dharma.

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Sinhalese

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an ethnic group forming the majority of Sri Lanka; during the war between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, some Buddhist monks were strong supporters of the Sinhalese, believing that only the expulsion of the Tamils from the country would bring a lasting peace.

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Sohei

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bands of warrior monks. In Japan, monasteries became wealthy land-owning institutions that employed sohei for protection/intimidating opponents.

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Gandharva

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a spirit. The gandharva of a deceased person seeking rebirth must be available in order for conception to occur (also necessary: intercourse, and a woman’s fertile period)

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Pana

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life/breath. Connotes the idea of ‘vital breath’ or ‘breath of life’; in medical terms, it is understood as the force underlying biological growth.

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Skandhas

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the doctrine of 5 aggregates; the five factors that constitute the individual human being (material form, feelings and sensations, perceptions, volitions, and consciousness)

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Mizuko

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‘water babies’. Children who die young (mizuko) are thought to go to an underworld/realm of the shades to await rebirth.

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Jizo

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a popular bodhisattva in Japan, regarded as the protector of young children and mizuko (water babies)

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Thich Quang Duc

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a Vietnamese monk, burned himself alive on a main street as a religious protest.

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Seppuku

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a ritualized form of suicide in Japan. It involves making two crosswise slices across the gut while in a kneeling position, after which an assistant would behead the samurai with a sword.

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Arhat

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a ‘worthy one’ or saint who has achieved nirvana. Three famous monks achieved arhatship when they committed suicide to end their sickness/suffering,

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Al Ghazali

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writer who draws on texts from the Qur’an and hadith. Stresses the men’s responsibility for making their wives’ experiences pleasurable.

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Talaq

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divorce, “release.” A unilateral repudiation of the wife by the husband.

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Khul

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divorce for compensation. A wife returns her dower or pays some other sum to her husband in order to obtain a divorce.

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Qadi Khan

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author of a Hanafi legal text. Gives a woman permission to defend herself against a former husband’s sexual advances even to the point of killing him.

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Mariyya

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one of the Prophet Muhammad’s concubines. The prophet eventually freed her after she bore him a child.

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Ama

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a female slave, also considered “property of the right hand,” did not necessarily imply a sexual relationship (concubine).

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Milk

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ownership, dominion, or control. Viewed as the basis for licit sex (whether within marriage or slavery).

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Zina

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sex between a man and a woman who is neither his wife nor his slave. The most serious of the sexual transgressions described in the Qur’an.

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Hadd

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– limits/restrictions that require punishment upon infringement. Hadd punishments were penalties for unlawful sex, although the boundary between what is lawful/unlawful is somewhat complicated.

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Liwat

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anal intercourse between men. The second most serious sexual offense (after zina).

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Lot

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a prophet who is a constant referent for discussions of all same-sex activity (demonstrates Islam’s disapproval of homosexuality)

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khitan

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circumcision, a neutral or positive term used to describe the procedures carried out on both males and females

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makruma

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a “noble act.” A weak form of support for female circumcision is a hadith that states that circumcision is a sunnah for men and a makruma for women.

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Aishah

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Muhammad’s youngest wife, source of much controversy. Accounts agree that Muhammad married her when she was 6, and the marriage was consummated when she was 9.

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Sahih Bukhari

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one of the 6 canonical hadith collections of Sunni Islam. States that the Prophet married Aishah when she was 6 and consummated the marriage when she was 9.