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143 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does aristotle observe?
that highest good for humanity is HAPPINESS
Eudaimonia states happiness is
Flourishing
The good in medicine
Health
The good in strategy
Victory
The good in architecture
house
The function argument (example)
Associated w/ his or her function
Flute- flute player
sculptor-sculpt
eyes function
to see
good eye? good flute player?
sees well plays well
what is uncertain?
what a good person is?
function of a human being (3)
-life, growth, nutrition- no b/c plants aim at this also (not unique to humans)
-perception- no b/c animals share this.
-doing an action on rational principle (yes)
Human good
living well in accordance to human functions
Aristotle's accordance
happiness is an activty
happiness + activity
one must appear character not just possess it
Moral Virtue acquired by
virtue
Aristotle observes
highest good of humanity is happiness
According to eudaimonia
happiness is flourishing
the good in medicine
health
the good in strategy
victory
the good in architecture
house
what is good?
doing something for own sake and others
the function argument
sculptor-sculpt
flute player function to play flute
ascert function of human beings
defines good person
what is function of a human being?
-life/growth/nutrition
-perception
-doing things according to rational principles
life/growth/nutrition
no-b/c plants also aim this not only humans
perception
no-animals
activities based on rational principles
yes-only humans
human good is
living well due to human function
happiness is an
activity
one must
appear a certain kind of character and not possess it.
moral virtue is acquired by
habit
moral virtue not given by
nature
moral virtue is
neither given by nature or contrary to it.
example of moral virtue
-builders by building
-brave by brave acts
-lyre player by playin lyre
virtue
is created and destroyed by practice
example of virtue
playing can become a good player or bad lyre player
actions are just vs. unjust = virtuous vs. vicious
too much or too little
-exercise destroys strength
-food destroys health
too much or too little is in
nature of things
if you fear
everything then you become coward
nothing you become rash
if you fear is in
virtue
courage
destroyed by defect and excess
virtuous =
more virtuous
example of virtuous
-exercise makes you stronger
example of virtuous (2)
standing against fear = brave allows to stand ground
virtuous person
enjoys acting virtuously
virtues
is doing virtuous acts in way virtuous person would do it
The doctrine of the Mean
-fear confidence appetite, anger and pity felt too much or too little
virtuous people feel:
at right times
w/ ref to right objects
toward right people
w/ right motive
in the right way
virtue is a
mean of two extremes
fearlessness/ confienece
defect = cowardice
mean = courage
excess = rashness
pleasure-seeking
defect = insensibility
mean = temperance
excess = self-indulgence
giving money (small sums)
defect = meanness
mean = liberality
excess = prodigality
honor
defect = undue humility
mean = proper pride
excess = vanity
truth
defect = mock modesty
mean = truthfulness
excess = boastfulness
wit
defect = boorishness
mean = ready wit
excess = buffoonery
lack of shame
defect = bashfulness
mean = modesty
excess = shamelessness
3 criterias for moral responsibility
-unforced
-done w/ knowledge of the circumstances
-by choice
actions are
involuntary
involuntary only when
forced or done by ignorance
ignorance means that
morally responsible for action
what sorts of actions are forced
clear cases
fuzzy cases
clear cases
boy moves b/c of push from external force or b/c of something no control over
fuzzy cases
throwing cargo overboard in storm
aristotle's belief on cargo
voluntary
why cargo voluntary?
b/c forced (no alternative) and unforced b/c cause of action is u no external force
what sort of actions are done by reason of ignorance?
-not ignorance due to advantage
-ignorance is not due to universals
-ignorance of particulars
ignorance of particulars
ignorance of circumstances of actions which it's concerned.
involuntary of ignorance
actions done by reason of ignorance cause regret or pain
not voluntary of ignorance
actions done by reason of ignorance do not cause regret or pain
actions done by reason of ignorance are from
acts that are done in ignorance
reason of ignorance
not morally responsible
done in ignorance
morally responsible
example of in ignorance act
drunk and do something unknowingly responsible for state of ignorance... responsible for w/e done at that stage
choice involves
deliberation
deliberation
think of what to do and how to do it?
animals and children act
voluntarily, actions are unforced/ not act by choice, so DO NOT deliberate
what sort of things do we deliberate about?
things w/in our power to control
what sort of things do we NOT deliberate about?
-eternal/ unchanging things
-involve movement but same every time
-periodic events
-matters of chance
unchanging things
math truths
movement in same way
sunrise
periodic events
storms
aristotle says:
deliberate means but not ends
example of deliberation of means but not ends
doctor doesn't deliberate bout whether or not heal but how to achieve end.
example of means but not ends (2)
how to do action not should or shouldn't do action
Both in power
Virtue & vices
we chose our responsibilities
w/ knowledge of circumstances
responsible for
virtueness and viciousness
what if you're just the kind of person who doesn't take care, or is chronically ignorant?
the things u did to make u ignorant or unjust are your responsible for character and you are responsible for vicious acts
people have aim at good but no control over what appears good
since responsible for state of character, responsible for what appears to be good/ bad. u had power to develop character
Justice is
ambiguous
possible ambiguous virtues
universal justice
particular justice
universal justice
lawfulness
particular justice
fairness
lawful person
requires to be virtuous person would. (bravery, good temper etc.) So they should have "complete virtue"
particular justice deals w/ 2 issues
-distribution
-rectification
distribution
ensures person gets what is due to him
rectification
repairs unjust transactions
six states of character in descending order of goodness
heroic/divine
virtuous
continent
incontinent
vicious
brutish
opposite of heroic/divine
brutish
heroic/divine/brutish
doubted whether humans are capable of them
opposite of virtuous
vicious
opposite of continent
incontinent
wants
level of desire or appetite
aims
intellectual level and knowledge
virtue
want:good
aim:good
act: good
continence
want:bad
aim: good
act: good
incontinence
want:bad
aim:good
act:bad
vice
want: bad
aim: bad
act: bad
the incontinent person knows
univsal claim of things of type b are good and that thing x is of type b but fails to combine 2 bits to motivate act of abstaining from pursuit of x.
incontinent (simple terms)
has knowledge but fails to use it. motivated by bad desires and not knowledge of good.
continent person
bad desires but good use
how does vicious person aim at what's bad?
aims are what appears to him to be good. since bad character what appeals to him is bad.
advantages of virtue ethics
attractive view about moral motivation
room for partiality
ensure feminist critique of public vs private bias.
moral motivation
do what's right not just doing it
problems w/ virtue ethics
lack of action guidance
completeness
good actions that don't correspond to virtues
completeness
why follow rules? for example: rule = don't lie: we awknowledge trait of honesty vs. dishonesty
example of good actions that don't correspond to virtues
how to use money for medical research: use for how it would help the most people...
act is
centered
character is
centered
aristotle: what is good for humanity?
agrees: happiness disagrees: what is happiness
happiness comes from term
eudaimonia
what the good for humanity is?
ends are chosen both for own sake and for something else
what the good for humanity is (2)
we chose other things for sake of happiness but never chose happiness for other things
functional arguement question
what is function of human being?
what is moral goodness
depends context of good
moral virtue not given by nature
for done for nature
our actions make
just vs. unjust
vicious vs. not vicious
excess vs. defect
doctrine of the mean
virtue b/w excess and defeat
1. right time
2. reference to right objects
3. toward the right people
4. w/ the right motive
5. in the right way
6
consequences
possibel to be good in one way and bad in many ways
actions cause regret
not voluntary
do not cause pain
voluntary
reason of ignorance
not responsible
in ignorance
responsible
cat rips sofa
unforced
cat grab paws and rip sofa
force
physical determination
couldn't act differently
psychological determination
not for physical laws but for psychological reasons
particular justice
fairness oppose for gain of oneself
greeks
justice-virtue of individuals
now
justice-institution (economy/gov)
particular justice (diagram)
rectification=> repair past unjust actions => intelligence (deserve? no just are)
distribution => assure each person gets what is due to him =>acquisition => transfer
public
woman domintated
private
men dominated