Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does aristotle observe?
|
that highest good for humanity is HAPPINESS
|
|
Eudaimonia states happiness is
|
Flourishing
|
|
The good in medicine
|
Health
|
|
The good in strategy
|
Victory
|
|
The good in architecture
|
house
|
|
The function argument (example)
|
Associated w/ his or her function
Flute- flute player sculptor-sculpt |
|
eyes function
|
to see
|
|
good eye? good flute player?
|
sees well plays well
|
|
what is uncertain?
|
what a good person is?
|
|
function of a human being (3)
|
-life, growth, nutrition- no b/c plants aim at this also (not unique to humans)
-perception- no b/c animals share this. -doing an action on rational principle (yes) |
|
Human good
|
living well in accordance to human functions
|
|
Aristotle's accordance
|
happiness is an activty
|
|
happiness + activity
|
one must appear character not just possess it
|
|
Moral Virtue acquired by
|
virtue
|
|
Aristotle observes
|
highest good of humanity is happiness
|
|
According to eudaimonia
|
happiness is flourishing
|
|
the good in medicine
|
health
|
|
the good in strategy
|
victory
|
|
the good in architecture
|
house
|
|
what is good?
|
doing something for own sake and others
|
|
the function argument
|
sculptor-sculpt
flute player function to play flute |
|
ascert function of human beings
|
defines good person
|
|
what is function of a human being?
|
-life/growth/nutrition
-perception -doing things according to rational principles |
|
life/growth/nutrition
|
no-b/c plants also aim this not only humans
|
|
perception
|
no-animals
|
|
activities based on rational principles
|
yes-only humans
|
|
human good is
|
living well due to human function
|
|
happiness is an
|
activity
|
|
one must
|
appear a certain kind of character and not possess it.
|
|
moral virtue is acquired by
|
habit
|
|
moral virtue not given by
|
nature
|
|
moral virtue is
|
neither given by nature or contrary to it.
|
|
example of moral virtue
|
-builders by building
-brave by brave acts -lyre player by playin lyre |
|
virtue
|
is created and destroyed by practice
|
|
example of virtue
|
playing can become a good player or bad lyre player
actions are just vs. unjust = virtuous vs. vicious |
|
too much or too little
|
-exercise destroys strength
-food destroys health |
|
too much or too little is in
|
nature of things
|
|
if you fear
|
everything then you become coward
nothing you become rash |
|
if you fear is in
|
virtue
|
|
courage
|
destroyed by defect and excess
|
|
virtuous =
|
more virtuous
|
|
example of virtuous
|
-exercise makes you stronger
|
|
example of virtuous (2)
|
standing against fear = brave allows to stand ground
|
|
virtuous person
|
enjoys acting virtuously
|
|
virtues
|
is doing virtuous acts in way virtuous person would do it
|
|
The doctrine of the Mean
|
-fear confidence appetite, anger and pity felt too much or too little
|
|
virtuous people feel:
|
at right times
w/ ref to right objects toward right people w/ right motive in the right way |
|
virtue is a
|
mean of two extremes
|
|
fearlessness/ confienece
|
defect = cowardice
mean = courage excess = rashness |
|
pleasure-seeking
|
defect = insensibility
mean = temperance excess = self-indulgence |
|
giving money (small sums)
|
defect = meanness
mean = liberality excess = prodigality |
|
honor
|
defect = undue humility
mean = proper pride excess = vanity |
|
truth
|
defect = mock modesty
mean = truthfulness excess = boastfulness |
|
wit
|
defect = boorishness
mean = ready wit excess = buffoonery |
|
lack of shame
|
defect = bashfulness
mean = modesty excess = shamelessness |
|
3 criterias for moral responsibility
|
-unforced
-done w/ knowledge of the circumstances -by choice |
|
actions are
|
involuntary
|
|
involuntary only when
|
forced or done by ignorance
|
|
ignorance means that
|
morally responsible for action
|
|
what sorts of actions are forced
|
clear cases
fuzzy cases |
|
clear cases
|
boy moves b/c of push from external force or b/c of something no control over
|
|
fuzzy cases
|
throwing cargo overboard in storm
|
|
aristotle's belief on cargo
|
voluntary
|
|
why cargo voluntary?
|
b/c forced (no alternative) and unforced b/c cause of action is u no external force
|
|
what sort of actions are done by reason of ignorance?
|
-not ignorance due to advantage
-ignorance is not due to universals -ignorance of particulars |
|
ignorance of particulars
|
ignorance of circumstances of actions which it's concerned.
|
|
involuntary of ignorance
|
actions done by reason of ignorance cause regret or pain
|
|
not voluntary of ignorance
|
actions done by reason of ignorance do not cause regret or pain
|
|
actions done by reason of ignorance are from
|
acts that are done in ignorance
|
|
reason of ignorance
|
not morally responsible
|
|
done in ignorance
|
morally responsible
|
|
example of in ignorance act
|
drunk and do something unknowingly responsible for state of ignorance... responsible for w/e done at that stage
|
|
choice involves
|
deliberation
|
|
deliberation
|
think of what to do and how to do it?
|
|
animals and children act
|
voluntarily, actions are unforced/ not act by choice, so DO NOT deliberate
|
|
what sort of things do we deliberate about?
|
things w/in our power to control
|
|
what sort of things do we NOT deliberate about?
|
-eternal/ unchanging things
-involve movement but same every time -periodic events -matters of chance |
|
unchanging things
|
math truths
|
|
movement in same way
|
sunrise
|
|
periodic events
|
storms
|
|
aristotle says:
|
deliberate means but not ends
|
|
example of deliberation of means but not ends
|
doctor doesn't deliberate bout whether or not heal but how to achieve end.
|
|
example of means but not ends (2)
|
how to do action not should or shouldn't do action
|
|
Both in power
|
Virtue & vices
|
|
we chose our responsibilities
|
w/ knowledge of circumstances
|
|
responsible for
|
virtueness and viciousness
|
|
what if you're just the kind of person who doesn't take care, or is chronically ignorant?
|
the things u did to make u ignorant or unjust are your responsible for character and you are responsible for vicious acts
|
|
people have aim at good but no control over what appears good
|
since responsible for state of character, responsible for what appears to be good/ bad. u had power to develop character
|
|
Justice is
|
ambiguous
|
|
possible ambiguous virtues
|
universal justice
particular justice |
|
universal justice
|
lawfulness
|
|
particular justice
|
fairness
|
|
lawful person
|
requires to be virtuous person would. (bravery, good temper etc.) So they should have "complete virtue"
|
|
particular justice deals w/ 2 issues
|
-distribution
-rectification |
|
distribution
|
ensures person gets what is due to him
|
|
rectification
|
repairs unjust transactions
|
|
six states of character in descending order of goodness
|
heroic/divine
virtuous continent incontinent vicious brutish |
|
opposite of heroic/divine
|
brutish
|
|
heroic/divine/brutish
|
doubted whether humans are capable of them
|
|
opposite of virtuous
|
vicious
|
|
opposite of continent
|
incontinent
|
|
wants
|
level of desire or appetite
|
|
aims
|
intellectual level and knowledge
|
|
virtue
|
want:good
aim:good act: good |
|
continence
|
want:bad
aim: good act: good |
|
incontinence
|
want:bad
aim:good act:bad |
|
vice
|
want: bad
aim: bad act: bad |
|
the incontinent person knows
|
univsal claim of things of type b are good and that thing x is of type b but fails to combine 2 bits to motivate act of abstaining from pursuit of x.
|
|
incontinent (simple terms)
|
has knowledge but fails to use it. motivated by bad desires and not knowledge of good.
|
|
continent person
|
bad desires but good use
|
|
how does vicious person aim at what's bad?
|
aims are what appears to him to be good. since bad character what appeals to him is bad.
|
|
advantages of virtue ethics
|
attractive view about moral motivation
room for partiality ensure feminist critique of public vs private bias. |
|
moral motivation
|
do what's right not just doing it
|
|
problems w/ virtue ethics
|
lack of action guidance
completeness good actions that don't correspond to virtues |
|
completeness
|
why follow rules? for example: rule = don't lie: we awknowledge trait of honesty vs. dishonesty
|
|
example of good actions that don't correspond to virtues
|
how to use money for medical research: use for how it would help the most people...
|
|
act is
|
centered
|
|
character is
|
centered
|
|
aristotle: what is good for humanity?
|
agrees: happiness disagrees: what is happiness
|
|
happiness comes from term
|
eudaimonia
|
|
what the good for humanity is?
|
ends are chosen both for own sake and for something else
|
|
what the good for humanity is (2)
|
we chose other things for sake of happiness but never chose happiness for other things
|
|
functional arguement question
|
what is function of human being?
|
|
what is moral goodness
|
depends context of good
|
|
moral virtue not given by nature
|
for done for nature
|
|
our actions make
|
just vs. unjust
vicious vs. not vicious |
|
excess vs. defect
|
doctrine of the mean
|
|
virtue b/w excess and defeat
|
1. right time
2. reference to right objects 3. toward the right people 4. w/ the right motive 5. in the right way 6 |
|
consequences
|
possibel to be good in one way and bad in many ways
|
|
actions cause regret
|
not voluntary
|
|
do not cause pain
|
voluntary
|
|
reason of ignorance
|
not responsible
|
|
in ignorance
|
responsible
|
|
cat rips sofa
|
unforced
|
|
cat grab paws and rip sofa
|
force
|
|
physical determination
|
couldn't act differently
|
|
psychological determination
|
not for physical laws but for psychological reasons
|
|
particular justice
|
fairness oppose for gain of oneself
|
|
greeks
|
justice-virtue of individuals
|
|
now
|
justice-institution (economy/gov)
|
|
particular justice (diagram)
|
rectification=> repair past unjust actions => intelligence (deserve? no just are)
distribution => assure each person gets what is due to him =>acquisition => transfer |
|
public
|
woman domintated
|
|
private
|
men dominated
|