Ethics Test 1

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5 branches of philosophy

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logic
epistemology
metaphysics
aesthetics
ethics

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2 basic approaches to ethics

Back 2

descriptive ( approach to studying morality, social sciences)
normative ( evaluative, more philosophical

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Ethical Relativism VS Ethical Objectivism

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Ethical Relativism: Personal/individual also know as ethical subjectivism
Social Relativism: known as cultural ethical relativism

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Personal/individual ethical relativism
(ethical subjectivism)

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judgments and beliefs are the expressions of the moral outlook and attitudes of individuals

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Social (cultural ethical Relativism)

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ethical values vary form society to society and the basis for moral judgments lies in social or cultural views. it is relative to particular society.

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Concerns for Ethical Relativism
(Ethical subjectivism)

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1)entails moral infallibility ( can never be wrong)
2)Leaves no room for moral debate
3)an act is right if one sincerely believes it to be right
4)reduces morality to matters of taste

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Concerns for social ( cultural ethical relativism)

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1) tolerance(suggest that there is some outside rules)
2) cooperation between cultures( what may be right for one culture another may not consider it to be right)
3) cannot explain the influences of moral critics( like Jesus, Martin Luther King, ect)

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2 types of Egoism

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1) Psychological egoism (descriptive)
2)Ethical egoism (normative

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Psychological egoism ( descriptive)

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Theory of human beings nature, are motivated by self interests,the view that people are basically always selfish or self-interested

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Ethical egoism (normative)

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concerned with what ought to be the case

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2 types of Ethical egoism

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1) individual ethical egoism " I ought to always look out for my own interests first"
2) Universal Ethical egoism: "everyone ought to look out for their own interest first:

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Concerns/consecrations with Ethical Egoism

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Grounded in physiological egoism
Consistency or coherence
Derivation from Economic theory
Conformity to common sense morality

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Utilitarianism

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over all pleasure, happiness in
is concerns with only the consequences of act
Is concern with the greatest happiness

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Utilitarianism's motto

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Maximize happiness and minimize suffering

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Hedonism (Epicureanism)

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Pleasure is the only thing that is intrinsically good ( influenced Bentham and Mills)

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Intrinsically good

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good in itself and for itself

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instrumental good

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not good in itself, but tends to lead to intrinsic good

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Jeremy Bentham

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interested in morality, for the purpose of change in his society
came up with the idea of "Hedonic calculus"
he felt we could calculate the amount of pleasure
His philosophy was called by his contemporary's as " pig philosophy"

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Hedonic calculus

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looking at the whole and calculating what the greatest net pleasure would be.

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Pig Philosophy

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does not make distinctions between the kinds of pleasure, Bentham believed that it was better to be a happy pig than an unhappy human

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John Stuart Mills

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improves on Bentham theory
he made a distinction between higher and lower pleasures, making the distinction that humans have a higher intellect to determine between higher and lower. Humans will forgo some pleasures to obtain a long term pleasure an looking at the future and not just the now.

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Act Utilitarianism

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we ought to consider the consequences of each separately on a case by case situation
consider the consequences of this act of promise keeping or promise breaking

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Rule Utilitarianism

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we ought to consider consequences of the act preformed as a general practice
consider the consequences of the practice of promise keeping or promise breaking

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For an act utilitarianism

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will look at the act at the time,
will depend on what the result for the most happiness for the most people would be
will asses the case by case

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For an Rule utilitarianism

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would put it to, if there is rule for the situation and follow it
will say follow that rule that is part of a set of rules that tends to maximize happiness
looks at things as a whole

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Concerns for utilitarianism

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too demanding
Rights
integrity

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Obligatory acts

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something that you are required to do

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Supererogatory acts

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not required but not neutral either, goes above and beyond

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Rights

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Bentham's quote "rights are nonsense on stilts" a useful fiction, they don't work so says Bentham

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Integrity

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maintaing your commitments even though it is not convent for you.