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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Individual Relativism
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The only standard for judging morality is what each person believes.
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each person
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Cultural (Social) Relativism
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The only standard for judging morality is by the moral code of one's culture/ society.
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Ethical Universalism
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What is fundamentally right or wrong is the same for everyone at all times.
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fundamentally, for everyone
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Virtue Ethics
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Any theory that focuses on the ethics of character
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character
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Function of Man Argument (Aristotle)
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An activity done through reason and function. A good person who lives their life through reason as a kind, noble person will have a pleasurable life. External goods such as power and wealth can help lead to a pleasurable life.
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reason
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Deontological Theory
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Any theory that emphasizes one's duty to do an act because the act is right.
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Consequentialism
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An action is right if it has the best consequences.
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Act Utilitarianism
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Each act done is judged according to the principle of utility (promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people).
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Rule Utilitarianism
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Development of rules that will bring more pleasure if followed.
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Prima Facie Duties
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These are conditional duties that we should do without thinking about them because they are part of our intuition.
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"At first glance"
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Explain what Aristotle means by saying virtue is a "mean."
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A mean is something is somewhere in the middle. Aristotle believed that virtue was between 2 vices: deficiency and excess. He thought that virtue was between these 2 vices and was something people should aim for.
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State one version of Kant's Categorical Imperative.
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Always treat humanity as an end and not as a means only.
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A means
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Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Utilitarianism.
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Quantitative U believes that pain and pleasure can be measured and compared to other things 'similar' in pain or pleasure. Qualitative U believes you can't count how much pleasure someone experiences because pain and pleasure varies form person to person.
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Pain and Pleasure comparison
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What is actual duty?
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Our actual duty is what we should do in a particular situation. Sometimes it's okay to do something that we know as bad like lying. This is the duty that we may not know what to do because it doesn't involve intuition like the other duties. (Must keep other duties in mind)
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intuitionless
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What are the 3 most problematic aspects of the history of ethics according to Held?
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1) Split between reason and emotions with reasoning controlling emotions
2) public/private distinction between males and females 3) concept of the self is constructed from the male point of view |
Split
sacrifices p.o.v. |
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Held essay main points.
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moral theory must be transformed to account for the experiences of women
women not traditionally included in talks of morals, makes ethical discussions skewed huge split between reason and emotions...Kant and Mill don't account for emotions humans not capable of making decisions without feelings and emotions logic and reason fine in theory but fail in practice should be able to be implemented in real life situations female and minority views more comprehensive view emotions and reason together better balance, shows equality more comprehensive view of self focuses on what kind of person someone is versus what kind of man they are |
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