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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bok's Model |
1. Seek your own advice *How do you feel about the action? 2. Seek expert advice *Is there another professionally acceptable way to achieve the same goal that will not raise ethical issues? 3. Seek involved parties advice (realistically or hypothetically) *How will others respond to the proposed act?(Chapter One) |
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Five Guiding Principles for Making Ethical Decisions: |
Aristotle's Golden Means Kant's Categorical Imperative Utilitarianism Ross's Pluralistic Theory of Value Communitarianism |
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Aristotle's Golden Means |
Focus on person, happiness is ultimate good. Virtue lies at the mean between two extremes of excess and deficiency. |
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Kan't Categorical Imperative |
Focus on act rather than person. Should act as the choice it becomes universal law (same choice every time) |
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Utilitarnianism |
The consequences/outcomes of an action are important in deciding whether they are ethical. *May be considered ethical to harm one person for the benefit of the larger group This is the most widely criticized principle because it is difficult to predict outcomes. |
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Ross's Pluralstic Theory of Value |
More than one ethical values competing. The right AND the good |
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Commununitarianism |
Community trumps but doesn't trample individual interests Focuses on the outcome of individual ethical decisions analyzed in light of their potential impact on society. Process and outcome are equally weighed. Journalism cannot separate itself from the political and economic system of which it is a part of. |
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Objectivity |
Enlightenment is the basis for objectivity Should keep bias out of story, just facts. |
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Pragmatist |
20th century pragmatists challenged the Enlightenment POV Truth depends on how it is investigated and who is doing it. More than one way to investigate the truth. |
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Cognititve Psychology |
Focused on how people think and what they brought to the table to help explain persuasion. |
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Cognitive balance |
A person's attitudes, information and actions are in harmony. |
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Cognitive dissonance |
When a person's message and actions conflict. This is what advertisers use today |
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How advertisers use cognitive psychology |
Make consumer feel off balance at the beginning of the commerical, then sell them on item to "re-balance" |
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TARES Test - T |
Truthfulness. If ad potrays part of the truth, are the omitted parts creating a deceptive ad? |
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TARES Test - A |
Authenticity - Is there a sincere need for this product? Would you as the advertiser, buy this product based on the message of the ad. |
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TARES Test - R |
Respect - Respect for the person recieving the advertising message Am I willing to take full, open and personal responsibility for the content of this ad. |
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TARES Test - E |
Equity - Is the recipient of the message on the same level playing field as creator of the message? DON'T TALK DOWN TO CONSUMER |
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TARES TEST - S |
Social Responsible - If everyone could buy the product, would society be better? Does the ad increase or decrease an average person's trust for persuasive messages? |
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Josiah Royce |
American theologian. Royce believed that loyalty could become the single guiding ethical principle. When making ethical decision, important to consider loyalties and how you arrived at them. |
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Critics of Royce's Model |
To simplistic Few people have one loyalty. Is it ethical to be loyal to an unethical cause? |
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Golden Rule of Loyalty |
Virtually no situation in media ethics calls for inhumane treatment |
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Potter Box |
Developed by Ralph Potter A decision-making model, using loyalties as a part of reasoning process. Followed Court-Clockwise Fact Values Principes Loyalty |
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Potter Box - Step 1 |
Understand Facts of the case |
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Potter Box - Step 2 |
Outline values - When you value a principle, you are willing to give up other things for it. Values often compete, it's important to be honest about what you really value. |
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Potter Box - Step 3 |
Apply Philosophical principles Aristotles Golden Means Pluralistic Theory of Value Kant's Categorical Imperative Utilitarianism Communitarianism Must use more than one |
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Potter Box - Step 4 |
Articulate loyalties List loyalties and decide if they are in conflict |
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zThe Potter Box does not..... |
Eliminate differences, but instead ensures your choices are grounded in sound ethical reasoning and justifiable on demand. |
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Circles of Intimacy |
Louis Hodges - Developped a working concept of privacy for journalists and other professionals. |
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How Circles of Intimacy Work |
Inner Circle - You Second Circle - Partnet, Parent, Roommate Third Circle - Family, Friends, Pastor Fourth Circle - Co-Worker, Classmates Surrounding circle - Public |
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Right to know - |
Protected by law FOIA & FOAA |
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Need to know - |
Philosophical value Most ethically compelling argument of the three. Ethical case must be constructed for publishing information that others wish to keep private. |
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Want to know - |
Pure Curiosity Least compelling argument |
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Veil of Ignorance |
Developed by John Rawls Theory of Distributive justice. Justice should be equated with fairness |
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How Veil of Ignorance works |
Before a community can make an ethical decision affecting its members, the community must consider the options behind a veil of ignorance. Consensus not required. Designed to facilitate ethical discussions |
