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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The persons who provide the capital to a corporation are its
|
Stockholders |
|
Modern corporations are, in principle |
Three tiered structures |
|
_____ _____ is a key feature in modern corporation |
limited liability |
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The stock of publically held companies is traded |
among the general public |
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What did Nicholas Murray Butler hold was the greatest discovery of modern times? |
the limited liability corporation
|
|
The incorporation of business enterprises began |
during the Elizabethan era |
|
The first instance of the corporate organization of manufacturing enterprise in the US occurred in |
|
|
The East India Company was formed in |
1600 |
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Corporations are clearly
|
legal agents |
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Lord Thurlow said that you could not expect a corporation to have |
a conscience |
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Thomas Donaldson holds that corporations can be |
moral agents |
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Peter French controversially believes that corporate acts are |
intentional |
|
The narrow view of corporate responsibility is endorsed by |
Milton Friedman |
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The narrow view of corporate responsibility is that corporations should only |
maximize profits |
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Who wrote "the rules of the game"? |
Milton Friedman |
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Keith Davis believes that
|
social responsibility arises from social power
|
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The stakeholder model is also called the |
social entity model |
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Who cast the case for a broader view of corporate responsibility is a historical perspective?
|
Melvin Anshen
|
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The unintended negative or positive effects of business activity are called by economists |
externalities |
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Who owns a company? |
stockholders |
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Adam Smith claims that an invisible hand |
promotes the general good |
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Paul Camenisch holds that business |
propagates a view of humanity and the good life |
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Christopher Stone argues that there are limits |
to what the law can do |
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One challenge to the assumption that profits come at the expense of ethics is |
Kenneth Arrow |
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In 2009 the FDA was empowered to regulate |
cigarettes |
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Every year, consumer products electrocute approximate |
200 people a year |
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The court case that established consumers' rights to sue the manufacturer of products was |
MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car |
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In 1972 Congress passed the |
Consumer Product Safety Act |
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Had air bags been standard equipment in 1974, how many deaths might have been prevented? |
70,000 |
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When did a government agency begin testing candy for its potential to choke children? |
2003 |
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Iacocca used to say "safety doesn't..." |
sell |
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Cigarette fires are responsible for how many serious injuries a year? |
7000 |
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The claim that a product is fit for its ordinary use is |
an implied warranty |
|
When manufacturers and retailers agree to set prices, this is |
vertical price fixing |
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Until when was it illegal for a manufacturer and retailer to fix prices? |
2007 |
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A seller's exploitation of a short term situation in which buyers have few purchase options for a much needed product is called |
price gouging |
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The question of what a fair price is |
robably lacks a precise answerp |
|
When an "economy size" product is sold at a higher price than their smaller counterparts they are being subjected to |
a quantity surcharge |
|
L'Occitane labels its products in |
braille |
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Ads that can be understood in two or more ways are |
ambiguous |
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Words used to evade direct statements are |
weasel words |
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In advertising, a claim that is unsupported b y evidence is |
an exaggeration |
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A persuasive effort aimed primarily at emotion is a |
psychological appeal |
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Advertising that communicates at a level beneath conscious awareness is |
subliminal |
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The Federal Trade Commission was created by |
1914 |
|
The Federal Trade Commission was created as |
an antitrust weapon |
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The decision in FTC v. Standard Education led the FTC to apply which standard liberally? |
the ignorant person standard |
|
Every year children under twelve spend |
$40 billion |
|
Of the 18,000 objects orbiting Earth, how many are rubbish? |
17,100 |
|
When was the Clean Water Act passed? |
1972 |
|
What proportion of US waters fail to meet the 1972 standards for being safe for fishing and swimming? |
2/3 |
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How many pounds of hazardous materials enter the air each year? |
2 billion |
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Which gas is responsible for the greenhouse effect? |
CO2 |
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How many tons of animal manure does the US generate each year? |
1.4 billion |
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which virus is responsible for the decline population in Yellowstone Park? |
parvovirus |
|
The belief that natural resources are free and limitless encourages |
wasteful consumption of them |
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Which industry exemplifies Hardin's point about the tragedy of the commons? |
international fishing |
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How many gallons of water does it take to make an automobile? |
100,000 |
|
How many gallons of rainwater does America use for every 60 returned by nature? |
75 |
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In a case in Thailand what was worth 75% more when left to provide natural reosources rather than be converted into a fish farm? |
a mangrove swamp |
|
The Interior Department has introduced wolves into |
Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho |
|
Two popular answers to the question of who should pay the costs of pollution are |
those responsible for it and those who would benefit from protection and restoration |
|
Who has probably profited more than any other group from treating the environment as a free good? |
business |
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Approximately what proportion of the world's automobiles are owned in the US? |
25% |
|
The US farm population is now around |
2% |
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Which approach to environmental protection makes use of direct public regulation and control? |
the regulatory approach |
|
How many toxic contaminants were targeted by the EPA's 33/50 approach? |
17 |
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Who believes that it is immoral to buy the right to polute? |
Michael J. Sandel |
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Who holds that measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions need not harm the economy? |
Arrow and Solow |
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Who discussed the original position in the context of our obligations to future generations? |
John Ross |
|
Annette Baier is concerned with |
the good of continuing human community |
|
William F. Baxter recognizes |
the anthropocentric bias of his own approach |
|
What led to the unionization of the US auto industry? |
The Flint Sit Down Strike |
|
Who contends that a person's rights as an American citizen disappear when you walk through the office door? |
Lewis Maltby |
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Who sees the corporate invasion of American civil liberties as rampant? |
David W. Ewing |
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When did the US Supreme Court ratify the common law principle that an employer may dismiss their employees at will? |
1915 |
|
Common law requires that an employee |
be loyal to her employer |
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How many Americans have contracts that have contractual provisions contrary to employment at will? |
about 10%
|
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The US Supreme Court has ruled that a state cannot deny unemployment benefits to employees who are fired for refusing to work on |
a Sabbath day |
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The First Amendment does not protect speech |
public employees make in the course of their official duties |
|
Acting morally is generally |
in one's long term best interests |
|
Job specifications to which the civil rights law does not apply are called |
BFOQs |
|
How many employees must a company have to fall under the jurisdiction of the Americans with Disabilities Act? |
15 |
|
Jaccercise now agrees that |
people of varying weights can be fit |
|
According to Charles Arons, the hurdles men face returning to the job market are how many times greater than those faced by women? |
three |
|
Which court case led US firms to retreat from administering pre-employment tests? |
Griggs |
|
Francis Bacon referred to biases as |
idols of the mind |
|
Who thought the human understanding was like a false mirror? |
Bacon |
|
Which type of interview requires employees to engage in role play in a mock office scenario? |
situation interview |
|
Seniority refers to |
longevity with the firm |
|
The practice of promoting from within a firm is called |
inbreeding |
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The practice of showing favoritism to relatives and close friends is called |
nepotism |
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The requirement that the reasons for discipline or discharge deal directly with performance is called |
just cause |
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The principle that refers to the fairness of the procedures for worker discipline and discharge is called |
due process |
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An employees' poor performance could result in |
termination |
|
Temporary unemployment in which an employee is subject to recall is a |
lay off |
|
Our concern for privacy has ____ dimensions |
three |
|
The strength of a privacy right depends on |
circumstances |
|
Enterprise Rent A Car lays down ___ dress code guidelines for women |
30 |
|
Wellness programs are |
paternalistic |
|
Compulsion comes in |
degrees |
|
Informed consent implies deliberation and ____ _____ |
free choice |
|
For consent to be legitimate, it must be |
voluntary |
|
Polygraph tests record changes in |
physciological processes |
|
The use of polygraphs is argued to allow business to abolish the use of |
audits |
|
Lynn Mach holds that polygraphs are accurate |
90% of the time |
|
David T. Lykken holds that polygraphs have, at most, been measured as being accurate |
63% of the time |
|
Polygraphs infringe on |
privacy |
|
Christopher Pyle holds that polygraphs infringe on |
privacy |
|
The Employee Polygraph Protection Act was passed in |
1988 |
|
How many of the Fortune 100 companies use the Myers-Brigg Type Indicator |
89 |
|
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act was passed in
|
1986 |
|
How many large corporations test their employees or job applicants for illegal substances |
67% |
|
According to the US Census Bureau, about how many workers are killed on the job in any given year? |
5,000 |
|
According to the director of OSHA, about how many workers are killed on the job each day in the US/ |
32 |
|
Voluntary assumption or risk presupposes |
informed consent |
|
The right to refuse dangerous work is a |
legal right |
|
The Occupational Health and Safety Act was passed in |
1970 |
|
Critics say that OSHA has moved from being a |
beat cop to a social worker |
|
A study showed that OSHA declined to prosecute in what percentage of cases of "willful" safety violations? |
93 |
|
A business firm functions |
to make money |
|
The notion of company loyalty, according to Shaw, is |
commonplace |
|
What is the primary source of an organization's right to expect employees to act on its behalf? |
contract |
|
The buying or selling of stocks by business insiders on the basis of information that has not yet been made public is |
insider trading |
|
The SEC is the |
Securities and Exchange Commission |
|
Which theory of insider trading did the US Supreme Court endorse in 1997? |
the misappropriation theory |
|
Which Supreme Court case addressed insider trading in 1997? |
US v. O'Hagan |
|
Henry Manne |
sees nothing wrong with insider trading |
|
It is claimed that insider trading is good as it |
increases market efficeincy |
|
Proctor and Gamble once sued three rival food chains for making |
infringing cookies |
|
The Economic Espionage Act was passed in |
1996 |
|
There are at least ___ arguments for protecting trade secrets |
3 |
|
At one point, the job tenure of an executive in the software industry was |
22 months |
|
Nondisclosure contracts can conflict with |
freedom of employement |
|
To pay someone to violate his or her official duties is to |
bribe them |
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A percentage payment made to a person able to influence or control a source of income is |
kickback |
|
The FCPA is the |
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act |
|
The FCPA was passed in |
1977 |
|
The FCPA has exceptions for |
grease payments |
|
How many countries have passed legislation implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention |
37 |
|
How many of the world's industrialized nations have implemented the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention? |
all of them |
|
According to Shaw, the FCPA reflects |
our moral standards |
|
An employee's informing the public about the illegal or immoral behavior of an employer or organization is known as |
whistle blowing |
|
The voluntary release of non public information is |
whistle blowing |
|
Notre Dame did not hire an African American coach in any sport until |
2002 |
|
Historically, most discrimination in the American workplace has focused on |
women and minorities |
|
Kant would hold that discriminating on the basis of race or sex was immoral because it |
failed to respect persons as ends in themselves |
|
How many respectable arguments are there in favor of racial and sexual discrimination |
none |
|
What is more important than predicting who will be fired from a job within the federal government |
race |
|
Who has the highest standard of living in the world, according to the UN |
white Americans |
|
What percentage of working African Americans hold white collar jobs? |
40 |
|
Black workers with an advanced degree earn how much less than their white counterparts? |
25% |
|
Women are clustered in |
pink collar occupations |
|
The first Africans American CEO of a Fortunate 500 company was hired in |
1999 |
|
In finance, how many cents do women make for every dollar earned by men? |
68 |
|
Which Title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits sexual and racial discrimination at work? |
VII |
|
How many male minority executives in large companies report feeling constrained by the white male model? |
34 |
|
Edward W. Jones holds that all people |
possess stereotypes |
|
According to Edward W. Jones, stereotypes are powerful because of their |
circularity |
|
Which court case decided that racially segregated schooling was unconsitutational |
Brown v. Board |
|
When was the Equal Pay Act passed? |
1963 |
|
What started the change towards laws that attempt to safeguard the right of each person to equal treatment in employment? |
Executive Order 10925 |
|
What programs are designed to correct imbalances in employment that exist directly as a result of past discriminations |
Affirmative Action Programs |
|
What proportion of persons entering the workforce today are minorities or immigrants? |
80% |
|
The US Supreme Court's first major ruling on affirmative action was in |
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California |
|
In Memphis Firefights v. Stotts the Supreme Court upheld |
seniority over affirmative action |
|
In her majority opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger Justice O'Connor wrote that race conscious admissions policies must be |
limited in time |
|
Critics of affirmative action often label it |
reverse discrimination |