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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation
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the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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Perception
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the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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Bottom-Up Processing
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analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's intergration of sensory information
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Top-down processing
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Info-processing guided by hihger level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations
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Absolute Threshold
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response to faint stimuli
the minimum stimulation needde to detect lgiht, sound, pressure, and taste 50% of the time |
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Difference Thresholds
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minimum difference a person can detect between any to stimuli
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Wavelength
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the distance from one wave peak to the other
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Hue
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blue or green light
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Intensity
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the amount of energy in the light waves determined by a waves amplitude (influences brightness or loudness)
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Amplitudes
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Length or height of a wave.
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Parallel Processing
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doing many things at once --
our brain divides visual scenes into many levels (color, movement, form, depth) |
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Tri-Cromatic 3 color theory
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the retina have 3 types of color recepors each sensitive to RED ,GREEN, BLUE
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Opponent-Process Theory
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Analyzes infromation in terms of opponent colors red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
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Auditory Process
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sound waves where air is the stimuli. Louder sounds have a bigger vibration
*amplitude determines loudness * frequency determines pitch |
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Way Sound process through ear
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Eardrums vibrations move to the cochlea of the middle ear. This causes the coclea to vibrate and jostle liquid in the tube. The air is then bent and sends electrical impulses to the brain.
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Touch
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our skin sensations that are variations of pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
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Pain
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The body's response to something gone wrong.
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Taste
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A chemical sense. As you age taste buds are lost and sensitivity is decreased.
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Sensory Interaction
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one sense may influence another.
We can feel to sensations simultaneously |
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Kinesthesis
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the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parst.
Vestibular sense moniters your head and bodys position and movement |
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Gestalts understanding of perception
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Our tendency in integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
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Grouping
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The tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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Binocular Cues
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Judging the distance of nearby objects (uses 2 eyes)
* floating finger model |
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Monocular Cues
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Depth cues for linear perspective
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Perceptal Constancies
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percieving objects as unchanging even while retinal images change.
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Perceptual Set
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A mental predisposition to percieve one thing and not another.
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Conciousness
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our awareness of us and our environment
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Selective Attention
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Being only away of one particular stimuli
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Circadian Rhythm
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our biological clock of temperature and wakefulness for a 24 hour cycle
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Stages of Sleep
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alpha waves while relaxed, then our breathing slows while we slip into sleep.
Stage 1- hallucinations Stage 2- sleep walking Stage 3- Slow delta waves Stage 4- wet bed/sleepwalk |
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Effects of sleep loss
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weak immune system
impaired concentration prone to accidents |
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Sleep disorders
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Insomnia - problems falling asleep
Narcolepsy - uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea - temporary interruptions of breathing Night terrors- high arousal during wake ups |
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Why we dream
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to satisfy wishes
to file away memories develop neural pathways reflection of what we learned |
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Hypnosis
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Can recall forgotten events
Force people to act against will Can alleviate Pain |
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Misconceptions about addictions
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1. They cannot be overcome voluntarily (need therapy)
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Depressants
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Slow fuctions and reduce neural activities
ex). alcohol & oppiates |
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Stimulants
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Caffeine, nicotine, Cocaine, and Meth.
*Cause headaches, depression, fatigue, and irratibility |
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Hallucinogens
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Marijuana, LSD, Ecstasy
*distort perceptions and evoke sensory images |
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Learning
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a change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
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Associative Learning
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learning tha tevents occur together
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Observational Learning
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Watching others is how we learn new behaviors
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Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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Behaviorism
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View psychology as an objective science that studies behavior without refernce to mental process
*most agree with first part |
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Shaping Procedure
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reinforcers, such as food, gradually guide an animal's action toward a desired behavior
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Difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning
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both are forms of associative learning.
- Classical Conditioning is when an organism associates different stimuli that it does not control and respond automatically. - Operant conditioning is when an organism associates rewarding or punishing stimuli with their consequences. |
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Observational Learning
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observes and imitates others as a way of learning.
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Prosocial Modeling
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encourage someone to do something you must surround them with that thing.
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