Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The area of moral philosophy known as "value theory" includes questions such as... |
What kind of life is most worth living? |
|
|
The question of "do the ends justify the means" falls within the area of... |
Normative ethics |
|
|
The claim that morality is a human invention and therefore not objective is a claim about ? |
Metaethics |
|
|
In philosophy , an argument is |
A chain of reasoning consisting of a set of reasons that supports some conclusion |
|
|
It is impossible for a valid argument to have ? |
A true premise and a false conclusion |
|
|
There is no such thing as? |
A sound argument that is not valid |
|
|
A moral agent is? |
Anyone capable of controlling his/her behavior through moral reasoning |
|
|
Conventional morality is |
The set of traditional principles that are widely shared within a culture or society |
|
|
The desire for "unification " in ethics is a desire for ... |
A single general moral principle |
|
|
What area of moral philosophy deals with questions about our moral obligations ? |
Normative ethics |
|
|
What is an argument in philosophy ? |
A set of claims, including a conclusion and reasons given in support of the conclusion |
|
|
According to the text, how should moral philosophy begin ? |
From a set of plausible ethical claims that is subject to revision |
|
|
If we discover that an argument is invalid, what does it tell us about its conclusion ? |
None of the above |
|
|
What is the best description of the argument : if the sky is yellow, then grass is pink . The sky is yellow, therefore grass is pink |
Valid but unsound |
|
|
Objective moral standards are? |
Those that apply to everyone regardless of what they believe |
|
|
Moral skepticism is? |
The view that there are no objective moral standards |
|
|
Moral nihilists believe that |
There are no moral truths |
|
|
Someone is definitely a cultural relativist if he/she believes that |
The guiding ideals of a society determine what is right or wrong |
|
|
According to ethical subjectivism, what is intrinsically valuable ? |
Nothing |
|
|
If ethical subjectivism is true , then one's deepest moral commitments are? |
Always right |
|
|
If cultural relativism is true, then moral values of our culture are |
No better or worse than moral values of other cultures |
|
|
According to ethical subjectivism |
Things are good simply because we like them |
|
|
If cultural relativism is true, then |
Individuals can make moral progress, but cultures cannot |
|
|
According to ideal observer subjectivism an action is morally right if |
I would approve of it if I were fully informed and perfectly rational |
|
|
Which of the following would a cultural relativist accept |
Morality is determined by the guiding ideals of a society |
|
|
What does cultural relativism imply about iconoclasts who oppose the conventional moral wisdom of society? |
They are always morally mistaken |
|
|
According to ethical subjectivism , what is the relationship between a thing being good and someone approving of it? |
Things are good only because people approve of them |
|
|
If cultural relativism is true, what happens when the moral code of a society changes? |
Such changes never indicate moral progress |
|
|
If I say "the death penalty is immoral" what does that mean according to ethical subjectivism ? |
I disapprove of the death penalty |
|
|
What is an ideal observer? |
An improved version of oneself who is fully informed and perfectly rational |
|
|
Getting a vaccine that prevents illness is an example of something that is |
Instrumentally valuable |
|
|
If something is intrinsically valuable , then it must be |
Valuable for its own sake |
|
|
According to hedonism the key ingredient to a good life is |
Happiness |
|
|
An example of attitudinal pleasure would be |
The enjoyment of listening to your favorite song |
|
|
An example of physical pleasure would be |
The sensation of a relaxing back massage |
|
|
Hedonists believe that |
Attitudinal pleasure is more important than physical pleasure |
|
|
The first great hedonist in Western philosophy was? |
Epicurus |
|
|
According to hedonism |
There are many different ways to live a good life, it is largely a matter of personal choice and most rules for living a good life have exceptions ( all of the above is answer ) |
|
|
Some people enjoy their own physical pain in certain circumstances . Hedonists would say ? |
That their physical pain is good for them in those circumstances |
|
|
The fact that parents typically want their children to be happy |
Doesn't prove that hedonism is either true or false |
|
|
The fact that we don't want our cognitively normal loved ones to get lobotomies |
Is thought to raise a problem for hedonism |
|
|
According to Epicurus the ideal state of tranquility comes largely from |
Moderation in physical matters Intellectual clarity about what is truly important |
|
|
According to Mill |
Intellectual and artistic pleasures are better than physical pleasures |
|
|
According to hedonism your life is good for you to the extent that |
You experience pleasure and avoid pain |
|
|
Which is an important distinction for hedonists |
Physical vs attitudinal pleasure |
|
|
Who was widely regarded as the first great hedonist in western philosophy ? |
Epicurus |
|
|
Which of the following is an attraction of hedonism ? |
It explains why there are many different types of good life |
|
|
What would hedonists say about a person who sometimes enjoyed his/her own pain? |
Pain would sometimes be good for such a person |
|
|
If it's true that single mindedly pursuing happiness makes you less happy then |
Hedonism says single mindedly pursuing happiness is not good for you |
|
|
If hedonism is true then the enjoyment a serial killer derives from committing her crimes is |
Good for her |
|
|
Ross's "two worlds" objection asks us to imagine two worlds that are alike in |
Total happiness and differ on whether people are virtuous or vicious |
|
|
Autonomy is |
The power to guide our life through our own free choices |
|
|
The experience machine thought experiment is supposed to show happiness is less valuable based on |
False beliefs |
|
|
According to hedonism a pleasant life of illusion is |
Equally good as a pleasant life based on real achievement and true beliefs |
|
|
The value of autonomy explains why paternalism is |
Always objectionable even when it is justified |
|
|
What is lacking in the lives of people in aldous Huxley 's "brave new world" |
Autonomy |
|
|
What is paternalism? |
Limiting someone's Liberty against her will for her own good |
|
|
What is part of the argument from multiple harms against hedonism? |
You are harmed by something only because it saddens you |
|
|
What is a false claim |
That hedonism is false - happiness is not intrinsically good for people |
|
|
According to hedonism a pleasant life of illusion is equally good asan |
An equally pleasant life based on real achievement and true beliefs |
|
|
The value of autonomy explains why paternalism is |
Always objectionable even when it is justified |
|
|
What does Ross's "Two Worlds" objection falsely assume about hedonism |
That it provides a way of evaluating worlds |
|
|
What does Ross's "Two Worlds" objection falsely assume about hedonism |
That it provides a way of evaluating worlds |
|
|
What is lacking in the lives of people in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World"? |
Autonomy |
|
|
What is paternalism? |
Limiting someone's liberty against her will for her own good |
|
|
Which of the following claims is part of the "argument from multiple harms " against hedonism? |
According to hedonism you can be harmed by something only because it saddens you |
|
|
Which of the following claims is not true |
If hedonism is false happiness is not intrinsically good for people |
|
|
According to Epicurus philosophy |
Is a worthwhile activity for young and old people alike |
|
|
According to Epicurus philosophy |
Is a worthwhile activity for young and old people alike |
|
|
Epicurus claims that the end (or goal ) of all our actions is |
To be free from pain and fear |
|
|
According to Epicurus one should seek pleasure |
Only when it will not result in greater amounts of pain later |
|
|
According to Epicurus one should seek pleasure |
Only when it will not result in greater amounts of pain later |
|
|
What does Epicurus mean by pleasure |
Absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul |
|
|
How does Epicurus think we should Persue pleasure? |
By trying to maximize our total pleasure in the long run |
|
|
If desire satisfaction theory is true then health, wealth and happiness |
Are instrumentally valuable only if they help you satisfy your desires |
|
|
If desire satisfaction theory is true then health, wealth and happiness |
Are instrumentally valuable only if they help you satisfy your desires |
|
|
Accord to the desire satisfaction theory, getting what you want |
Makes you intrinsically better off |
|
|
A theory of well being is an objective theory if and only if it claims |
That certain things are good for us independently of our desires and opinions |
|
|
One major difficulty for the objective theory is |
Explaining how they make us better off even if we don't want them- relationship between welfare and motivation-why we have good reasons to do what is best for outsekves |
|
|
One major difficulty for the objective theory is |
Explaining how they make us better off even if we don't want them- relationship between welfare and motivation-why we have good reasons to do what is best for outsekves |
|
|
According to the desire satisfaction theorist if something does not contribute to the satisfaction of any of my desires |
It does not benefit me |
|
|
If desiring something gives us a reason to obtain it then according to the desire satisfaction theory |
We always have reason to do what benefits us |
|
|
The first motivation argument attempts to demonstrate what? |
That any purported objective value will not improve the lives of some people |
|
|
Which of the following would the desire satisfaction theorist accept |
Knowledge can be instrumentally good for people but only when it satisfies a desire |
|
|
According to the desire satisfaction theorist if something does not contribute to the satisfaction of any of my desires |
It does not benefit me |
|
|
If desiring something gives us a reason to obtain it, then according to the desire satisfaction theory |
We always have reason to do what benefits us |
|
|
The first motivation argument attempts to demonstrate what? |
That Any purported objective value will not improve the lives of some people |
|
|
Which of the following would the desire satisfaction theorist accept? |
Knowledge can be instrumentally good for people but only when it satisfies a desire |
|
|
Which of the following would the desire satisfaction theorist accept? |
Knowledge can be instrumentally good for people but only when it satisfies a desire |
|
|
What is the objective theory of welfare |
A theory according to which some things contribute to our welfare independently of our desires and beliefs |
|
|
Which of the following is a premise in the desire satisfaction theorist 's argument for self-interest if |
If something satisfies our desires then we have reason to obtain it |
|
|
According to the desire satisfaction theory desire satisfaction is |
Necessary for becoming better off and sufficient for becoming better off |
|
|
One example that shows that the desire satisfaction is not necessary for becoming better off is |
The vaccination of small children |
|
|
One example that shows that the desire satisfaction is not necessary for becoming better off is |
The vaccination of small children |
|
|
Informed desires are those desires that |
Are not based on false beliefs |
|
|
One example that shows that the desire satisfaction is not necessary for becoming better off is |
The vaccination of small children |
|
|
Informed desires are those desires that |
Are not based on false beliefs |
|
|
According to the desire satisfaction theory |
No desire is intrinsically better than any other |
|
|
According to the text why can't the desire satisfaction theorist maintain that what's good for us is the pleasure we feel when certain desires are filled |
Because this is to say the pleasure rather than the desire satisfaction is what makes us better off |
|
|
Why do impoverished desires pose a problem for desire theory |
Setting sights low doesn't make you better off- a satisfied Slave doesn't seem to have a good life And our desires seem to be shaped by how we're raised |
|
|
Why do impoverished desires pose a problem for desire theory |
Setting sights low doesn't make you better off- a satisfied Slave doesn't seem to have a good life And our desires seem to be shaped by how we're raised |
|
|
According to the desire satisfaction theory sacrificing your welfare for a cause that is the utmost importance to you |
Is impossible |
|
|
What kind of theory does the text endorse as an alternative to the traditional desire satisfaction theory |
An objective theory |
|
|
What is an example of giving vaccines to small children supposed to show |
Some things can benefit us without satisfying our desires |
|
|
What is an example of giving vaccines to small children supposed to show |
Some things can benefit us without satisfying our desires |
|
|
A desire directed toward the interests of a distant stranger is an example of what kind of desire |
An other regarding desire |
|
|
What is the paradox of self harm |
According to the desire satisfaction theory it is impossible to intentionally harm yourself |
|
|
From the experience machine thought experiment Nozick thinks we should conclude |
That we often desire things that are not good for us |
|
|
According to Nozick what explains people's disagreement over the use of psychoactive drugs |
Disagreement over whether or not such drugs enhance or inhibit our contact with reality |
|
|
If all that mattered to us were our experience then |
We would enter the experience machine |
|
|
What does Nozich think is most disturbing about the experience transformation and results machines |
They all live our lives for us |
|
|
What question is Nozick trying to raise with his experience machine thought experiment |
What else can matter to us other than how our lives feel from the inside |
|
|
What does Nozick think we should conclude from the experience machine thought experiment |
Our experiences are not the only things that have value for us |
|
|
Which of the following is not one of Nozick 's reasons for not plugging in to the experience machine |
We cannot serve other people once we are inside the machine |
|
|
What does Nozick think we desire that the experience machine cannot provide to |
To live in contact with reality |
|
|
Many people believe that religion is necessary in order for |
Us to be motivated to act morally |
|
|
Agnostics are people who |
Are not sure whether God exists |
|
|
Deists believe that |
God exists but does not give us moral guidance |
|
|
The fear of hell is often thought to |
Motivate people to do what they believe is right |
|
|
If the fear of God is the most effective way to get people to act morally then |
Atheists are unlikely to act morally |
|
|
The Devine Command Theory |
God's demands are based on good reasons- God did not create morality but reports it- acts are morally required because they are commanded by God ( answer is all of the above) |
|
|
In Plato's Euthyphro - Socrates asks |
Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them? |
|
|
In Plato's Euthyphro - Socrates asks |
Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them? |
|
|
If God's commands make actions right or wrong |
God always has reasons for his commands and he is morally perfect |
|
|
If God's has reasons for his commands |
God 's commands are arbitrary |
|
|
Omniscience is the property of being |
All knowing |
|
|
If one has selected a religious text to rely on then |
One must interpret the text in order to determine what it implies about morality |
|
|
According to the text book extracting reliable moral knowledge from religious scriptures is |
Difficult |
|
|
According to the text book extracting reliable moral knowledge from religious scriptures is |
Difficult |
|
|
According to the text one can succeed in seeking Devine guidance to lead a moral life only if |
God exists-God offers moral advice-belief in God can be justified |
|
|
According to the text book extracting reliable moral knowledge from religious scriptures is |
Difficult |
|
|
According to the text one can succeed in seeking Devine guidance to lead a moral life only if |
God exists-God offers moral advice-belief in God can be justified |
|
|
What does good moral character involve |
Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do |
|
|
Why is a literal reading of religious texts problematic |
Such texts sometimes contradict themselves |
|
|
Why is a literal reading of religious texts problematic |
Such texts sometimes contradict themselves |
|
|
When Euthyphro suggests piety is what gods love , Socrates objects that |
The gods sometimes disagree |
|
|
Why is a literal reading of religious texts problematic |
Such texts sometimes contradict themselves |
|
|
When Euthyphro suggests piety is what gods love , Socrates objects that |
The gods sometimes disagree |
|
|
The Euthyphro question asks |
Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious or is it pious because it is loved by the gods |
|
|
Which of the following best describes what Socrates wants to know |
What all pious actions have in common |
|
|
According to Socrates if the gods love pious things because they are pious then |
The pious is not the same as the God loved |
