Ethics

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Morals are based on Nature.
They are Not invented by men>

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Natural Law

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Who, argued that rarion is slave to the passions.
(as such-morality is not based on reason,but how we FEEL on certain issues

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David Hume

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the imaginary obligation &method of enforcement that ppl subscribe to in a civil society.

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social contract

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actions are right or wrong based on the outcome of the action.///actions are right or wrong in themselves.

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deontological

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sometimes known as nonconsentuentialist.

Morality is based on duty.

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deontological

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an action is morally obligatory if it produces the most amt. of good for all people.

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Act utilitarianism

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is a set of rules that produces the greatest amount of good for all people.

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Rule Utilitarianism

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.....is a way of evaluating moral decisions based on the amt of pleasure it provides.
good=pleasure : bad=pain

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Utilitarianism

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...is a strong supporter of Utility.

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John Stuart Mill

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...promoted virtue ethics.
argued that happiness is the Ultimate good.

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Aristotle

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... Did not feel that humans had a will to happiness , but they had a will to power.Argued that ppl desired power more then anything else did(but only strong can attain it)

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Nietzche

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when people exhibit virtues of pride,power,self-assuration,curelty,honor,rank,nobility(super or overman)

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noble ethics

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when not as strong to exhibit noble ethics virtues but still have a strong will to power-love,compassion,obedience,altruism.self-sacrifice and humility.

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slave ethics

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claims that all people are motivated by their own self-interest. *this type of egoismis result of what supporters consider a biological fact.

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Phychological egoism

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the moral system that claims that ppl should act only in their own self-interest.supporters of this believe that were not necessarily motivated by biology< but should act this way regtardless.

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ethical egoism

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a).If God commands you not to do something, then its wrong to do it
b)if God commands nothing about action<then its morally permissable
c)if God commands a specific action,then its morally obligatory.

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Divine Command

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Either; that certain moral principals cannot be proved Or that thay are self evident.

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Intuitionism

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a)speaks of the morakl belief that women should be equal to men.
b)revolves around concept that women are fundamentlly diff from men and that most moral philosophywas only invest. by a male pt of view.

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feminisim

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.... is the most famous existentialist.

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Sartre

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is based on a belief that life is no more or no less then simply existing.
b) attempts to live each moment by making conscious choices.

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Existentialism

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talks about who shoud get what benefits and which burdens.

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distributive justice

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talks about what punnishments are appropriate for wrongdoing.

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retributive justice

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explores how adn when to compensate for a loss.

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corrective justice

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.....formulated the correlativity of rights & duties(obligations)

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Samual Pufendorf

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a right that can never be violated
ex.the right to life..if u belive that even killing in self defense is not a good reason to kill then u believe in this

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absolute right

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things that I have a right to have.
ex, the right for a fair trial .

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positive rights

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things that I have a right to keep from being interfered with.
ex. religious beliefs

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negative rights

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.. are enforced through laws and penalties

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legal rights

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carry no weight of the law,but can be influenced by respecting these rights by using critisism,encouragement,etc.

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moral rights

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rights that must be met unless something more important overrides them.
ex.harm/harming/overrid by right to life

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prima facie rights

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......has argued that morality is based on Rights& that some are so fundamental they shouldnt be interfered with *prima facie.

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Ronald Dworkin

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rights that you must have to enjoy other rights. (ex. you need to be alive and eating to enjoy speech and religion)

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fundamental rights

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rights that you have because you have other rights. (if you gave a right to eat food, you should have the right to possess food)

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derivative rights

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...argued that in a given situation,theres a # of prima-facie obligations that must be satisfied

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William David Ross

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the duty or obligatin that is determined to be the most important obligation at the time.

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actual duty

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...argues that happiness is Not the ultimate good,& motive is the only way to measure moral actions.

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Kant

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a rule that you can formulate to reach an end./
ex-to get fit;exercise
*not abslute or universal

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hypothetical imperative

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is an absolute and univeral moral rule
(Kant stated this 3 ways)

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categorical imperative

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nature of persons,moral character,etc.

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moral agency

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scope of moral community,moral status,moral considerability,etc.

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moral standing

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friendship,loyalty,fidelity, etc.

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moral relations

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the state of being kind and helping others. Root*BENEFIT)often used to discuss if a moral system instructs people to help others.

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beneficence

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is a state of doing no harm to others.(you're not helping others,but you're not hurting them either.)

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nonmalfeasance

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when someone threatens harm in prder to get what they want.

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coercion