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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Ethics

Ethics involves thinking systematically about morals and conduct and how we treat other people.

Moral Choice

The would-should divide, the heart of good moral character to which most of us are exposed as children. The "mama-choice" clarified simple choices between right and wrong.

Moral Character

Having appropriate ethical values and is associated with virtues such as honesty and fidelity. Sometimes call "moral compass"

Moral Judgement

Decisions made when adults find themselves between the rock and the hard place of mismatched duties and conflicting claims - the stuff of ethical dilemmas

Low Road of Compliance

Adherence to formal rules and a negative outlook. Ethical behavior is reduced to staying out of trouble. This approach is designed to spur obedience to minimum standards, enforced controls on the job. Does not care that most people want to make good decisions.

High Road of Integrity

This route heads toward moral judgement; it counts on ethical managers individually to reflect, decide, and act. Rejects administrative realities that stem from accountability.

Fusion Road

Fusing the two standard approaches and moving on both fronts at once. We know what we should do, now what's left is to follow through. More a jumble then a blending. Path of moderation, adaptation, and compromise.

Important in Public Service

Confidence in Government: Downturn in 1960's thru 70's. Trust in government declines during the ecomomic downturns and climbs during economic growth. Distrust is strongly connected to how people feel about the overall state of the nation. World-wide and not just U.S. based.

Core Values in Public Service:




Ethical value is a deeply held belief about right and wrong action and a gauge of what is important. Values are judgments of worth that guide decision-making and action.

Ethical claims in 5 different roles



Primary roles that managers cope and must act upon

Ethical claims in 5 different roles

1. Personal/ Family / Community


2. Professional/ Work Identity


3. Agency/ Job


4. Jurisdiction / Citizen


5. Humanity / Sustainability / Legacy

Core Values in Public Service

1. Accountability


2. Impartiality


3. Justice & Fairness


4. Doing Good


5. Avoid Doing Harm

Conflict of Interest

Public leaders are obligated not to use public positions to serve their personal role.

Formula for Integrity

That is keeping oneself integrated and whole, in balance, and ethically sincere - the core of personal integrity is ethical values.

D + P + E = Iii

Democracy + Professionalism + Ethics


= Integrity individual and institutional

Obeying and Implementing the Law

Go over Agency Rules


Dissenting as a citizen


Dissenting in office


The public official has three choices:


1. Exit, leave without fixing the problem


2. Voice, trying to fix the problem



3. Loyalty, which can modify the other two options


Go over agency rules

Agency's Rule has the force of law, but it should not be confused with the law itself. Rule: as the whole or part of any agency statement of general or particular applicability.

Dissenting as a citizen

Two issues arise when action is not related to official duties: 1)responsible citizenship


2) legality of the model of dissent



Part of the ethical action is a willingness to take responsibility for it.

Dissenting in office

Ethical manager may not use public office to dissent as a citizen. It makes a liar of the public servant and a lie of the pubic service.

The go-no-go decision model


Three questions to ask:



1. Effective? 2. Ethical? 3. Legal

Serving the Public Interest

Go over aspects of pursuing Public Interest


The New Public Administration


Various terms of corruption


What is appearance of impropriety


What is the Hatch Act

Aspects of pursuing public interest

Obligation to champion the public interest.


1. Avoiding conflict of interest


2. Maintaining impartiality


3. Avoiding the appearance of impropriety

The New Public Administration

1970's reactivated the value of beneficence.


It established social equity as a third pillar in public administration alongside of efficiency and economy. Influenced by John Rawls "A theory of Justice" - By abstracting oneself from one's own class status, and social circumstances, one discusses and reflects "behind the veil of ignorance"

Various Terms of Corruption

Bribery - an offer to an employee of something of value


Fraud - embezzlement - extortion - use of office for personal gain


Falsification of Records


Research Falsification


The Old Fashioned Swindle

Appearance of Impropriety

A controversial standard.


Both vexing - appeals to fundamentals of values,


also undermines fairness


Illuminating because it points to extraordinary set of responsibilities of public servants. Looking good doesn't mean doing good...

The Hatch Act

1939, officially a Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities, is a US Federal Law whose main provision prohibits employees in the executive branch of the federal government, except the president, vice-president, and certain designated high-level officials of that branch, from engaging in some forms of political activity. The law was named after Senator Carl Hatch of New Mexico. It was most recently amended in 2012

5 Lessons for Public Managers

Use common sense


Go on record


Establish ethical credibility


Tell it as it is


Tell it as it should be

Taking Individual Responsibility

Thompson many hands argument


Nuremberg Charter of 1945


Hannah Arendt, moral inversion


Ethical neutrality


Impossible promise

Thompson many hands argument


Ø Substituting scapegoating for problem solving. Three clusters of action-driving principles 1) individual responsibility,


2) substantive responsibility


3) competence


The Nuremberg Charter of 1945

Specified the procedures and principles underlying the trial of the major Nazi war criminals. On making decisions and giving orders = PART II Article 7 of the charter states “The official position of defendants, whether as Heads of State or responsible officials in Government departments, shall not be considered as freeing them from responsibility or mitigating punishment.

Hannah Arendt, moral inversion

Marshaled evidence how easy it was to unthinkingly obey authority and ignore questions from right and wrong, good and evil – That ultimately ordinary people are capable of doing evil things.

Negative Responsibility

Held that a superior can be guilty for failing to prevent subordinate’s actions and were preventable.

Ethical Neutrality

Is different from policy impartiality, unbiased treatment and nonpartisanship. Getting the facts, without discrimination and without favoritism

Impossible Promise


Incompetence may be organizationally induced by manager’s own exaggerated promises and underestimated costs – manipulative deceits designed to bypass full disclosure.

Finding Solid Ground

Philosophical Perspectives


Utilitarianism


Moral Relativism


Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development


Vigilante Ethics

Philosophical Perspectives

1. Ethics grounded in virtue and moral character


2. The duty or principle underlying an action


3. The consequences of action, or results

Utilitarianism

Most familiar form of results-based reasoning. The ethical action of Utilitarianism means utility maximization defined as society’s net benefit over harm. Ends justify the means.

Moral Relativism

Seeing ethical standards as culturally determined and not generalizable, moral relativism- denies that any independent moral facts exist outside of a society…all moral beliefs are proper or improper in relation to a society’s customs. Moral relativism’s morality test stops us from taking a hard look at our own society and therefore stops us from improving it.

Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development




Each stage is identified through expressed reasoning rather than actual behavior


Psychologists Lawrence Kohlberge contributes “Instead of existing as fixed traits, moral character occurs in a series of developmental stages. Kohlberge identifies six general, universal patterns that are sequenced in invariable stages of ways of thinking (or cognitive development)


1. Punishment and obedience orientation


2. Instrumental relativist orientation (market relations)



3. Interpersonal orientation (intention, pleasing others)


4. Law-and-order orientation (authority, duty, order)


5. Social contracts legalistic orientation (utilitarian overtones, procedural rules)



6. Universal ethical principle orientation (logical comprehensiveness, university, consistency of abstract ethical principles)


Vigilante Ethics

“power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely” A danger here is that we will abuse ethical judgement by being too hard on ourselves or on others by using ethics to intimidate instead of inspire

Andy Sullivan – Assistant Director of the Community Development Dept. for the city of Greenwood


Rose Almindinger - Sullivan’s boss.


- Abused grant money that was won to fund Hawaii Trip with Husband, help her former company win business, hired political friends for temporary jobs paying $40 an hour.



Tyler Phillipson – Governor seeking info on Almindinger to win party to be re-elected by using Sullivan as snoop.


Once information was collected on Almindinger – Almindinger resigned and was unexpectedly Sullivan was slowly pushed out. He went off to teach full-time at nearby college. Governor was re- elected.

Dirty Job

Hire a new person to do it.