Essentials To Physical Anthropology Ch 9-13

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Grade

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An evolutionary grouping of organisms showing a similar adaptive pattern. (Not to be confused with CLADE, organisms that share a common ancestor).

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Nuchal Torus

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A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach. These muscles hold up the head. Projecting nuchal torus indicative of H.e's increasing brain size.

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Acheulian

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Stone tool industry from Early to Mid Pleistocene. Large amount of bi-facial tools- flaked on both sides.

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Pleistocene

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Epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8mya to 10000 ya. Frequently referred to Ice Age: assoc w continental glaciations in Northern latitudes.

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Explain Situational Leadership Style:

Supporting

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"Supporting" implies an increase in Supportive Behavior and a decrease in Directive Behavior. The leader/manager/supervisor using this style acts toward subordinates with more two-way communication involving subordinates in problems solving, process improvement and decision-making. In addition, using this style involves discussing with the subordinate what needs to be done and allowing the individual to decide how, when, where, etc. to accomplish the job.

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Late Pleistocene

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Portion of epoch 125,000 to 10,000 ya

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Glaciations

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Intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of northern continents. Assoc w cold temp in the north and arid conditions in the south, notably in Africa.

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Interglacials

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Intervals when cont. ice sheets are retreating, reducing much in size. North- warmer temps, South- wetter climates

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Upper Paleolithic

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Cultural pd assoc w modern humans, and also w some Neandertals. Marked w technological innovation in various stone tool industries. Best known in W Euro, but also in E Euro and Africa.

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Chatelperronian

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Upper Paleolithic industry in France and Spain, contains blade tools assoc w Neandertals.

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Mousterian

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Stone tool indust. assoc w Neandertals and some mod H.sapiens; also called "Mid Paleolithic." Characterized by larger proportion of flake tools than in Achuelian.

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Complete replacement model

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Theory of the origin of mod humans in Africa, migration, and later replacement of populations in Euro and Asia.

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Regional Continuity Model

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Local populations in Africa, Asia and Europe evolved to mod H.Sap together due to the high levels of gene flow (migration) btwn populations that was highly likely during the time.

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Aurignacian

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Upper paleolithic tool indust in Euro beginning at 40,000 ya. Assoc w Cro-Magon

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Magdalenian

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Final phase of upper paleolithic stone tool indust in Euro. Had the atlatl- spear thrower. Also evidence for bow and arrow.

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Burins

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Small, chisel like tool with a pointed end; thought to been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood.

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Biological Determinism

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Concept that phenomena, (behavior, intelligence) are governed by biological (genetic) factors; inaccurate assoc of various behavioral attributes w certain bio traits, ie skin color.

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Eugenics

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Philosophy of "race improvement" through forced sterilization of some groups and increased reprod. among others. Overly simplified, racist approach used by Nazis.

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Polytypic

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Species composed of populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits.

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Intelligence

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Mental capacity: ability to learn, reason, comprehend, and interpret.

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Polymorphisms

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Loci with more than one allele. Can be expressed in phenotype or exist solely at DNA level in the non-coding regions.

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Cline

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Gradual change in the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes from one geographical region to another.

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Slash and Burn Agriculture

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A tradtl land clearing practice involving the cutting and burning of trees/vegetation.

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Lactase Persistence

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Continued production of lactase in adults, allowing for digestion of fresh milk.

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Population genetics

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Study of the frequency of alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes in populations from a micro-evolutionary perspective.

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Gene pool

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Total complement of genes shared by the reproductive members of a population.

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Breeding Isolates

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Populations clearly isolated geographically and or socially from other breeding groups.

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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Math relationship expressing - under conditions in which no evolution is occurring- predicted dist. of alleles in a pop; central theory of population genetics.

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Stress

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Body's response to any factor that threatens to disrupt homeostasis.

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Homeostasis

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Condt. of balance/stability in any biological system- internal or external.

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Acclimatization

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Physiological rsp to change in the evr that occurs during an indv's lifetime.

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Neural tube

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In early embryo devlp- structure that forms the brain and spinal cord.

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Vasodilation

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Expansion of the blood vessels, means of cooling in rsp to warm temps- radiation of warmth.

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Vasoconstriction

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Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow/heat loss to skin. Rsp to cold evr.

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Hypoxia

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Lack of oxygen. Seen at higher altitudes.

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Vectors

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Agents that transmit disease from one carrier to another. Mosquitoes are vectors for malaria.

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Endemic

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Continuously present in a population.

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Zoonotic

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Pertaining to a zoonosis- a disease transmitted to humans through contact with animals.

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Pandemic

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Infectious disease epidemic that spread rapidly through a region, potentially worldwide. W-W pandemic is much more likely if disease is "new" to humans spreading quickly owing to rapid means of int.continental transportation.

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Virulence

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Measure of severity of infect. disease. More virulent=greater number of deaths of infected.

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Paleopathology

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Branch of phys anth. that studies injury and disease in earlier populations.

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Growth

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Increase in mass or number of cells.

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Development

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Differentiation of cells into diff types of tissue and their maturation.

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Adolescent growth spurt

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Pd during adol. when well nourished teens typically increase in stature at greater rates than other times in the life cycle.

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Essential Amino Acids

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9 a.a's that must be obtained from the food we eat because they are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amts.

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Monozygotic/Dizygotic twins

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mono= 1 egg, identical
di= 2 eggs, fraternal

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Endocrine glands

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Glands responsible for the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream.

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Menarche

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The first menstruation in a girl, usually in early to middle teens.

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Menopause

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End of menst. in human women. Usually around age 50.

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Senescence

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Process of physiological decline in body function that occurs with aging.

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Pleiotropic genes

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Genes that have more than one effect. Can have diff effects at diff times in the life cycle (ie pos during reprod but then neg during aging)