Essentials To Physical Anthropology Ch 5-8

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Classification

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Ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families, and phyla to show evolutionary relationships.

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Chordata

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Phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates.

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Vertebrates

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Animals with segmented, bony spinal columns; includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

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Homologies

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Similarities between organisms based on a descent from a common ancestor (Ex, similarities of the forelimb bones of land vertebrates).

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Analogies

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Similarites between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed evolutionary descent (Ex, butterfly and bird wings).

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Homoplasy

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The separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms (Ex, butterfly and bird wings).

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Evolutionary systematics

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Traditional approach to classification (and evolutionary interpretation) in which presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time by the analysis of homologous characters.

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Cladistics

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Approach to classification that attempts to make rigorous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain types of homologous characters (Those considered to be derived characters).

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Ancestral

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Referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after that character first appeared; also called primitive.

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Clade

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Group of organisms sharing a common ancestor. Includes the common ancestor and all its descendants.

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Derived

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(Modified) Referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages.

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Theropods

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Small to med. sized dinosaurs dated approx 150 mya and thought to be related to birds.

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Shared derived

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Specific character traits shared in common btwn two life forms and considered the most useful for making evolutionary interpretations.

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Phylogenetic tree

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Chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics. Contains a time component and implies ancestor descendant relationships.

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Cladogram

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Chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by cladistic analysis. Based solely on interpretation of shared derived characters. Contains no time component and does not imply ancestral relationships.

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Biological species concept

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Depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups.

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Speciation

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Process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species. The most basic process of macro evolution.

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Sexual dimorphism

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Differences in phys characteristics btwn males and females of the same species (Ex, male peacocks have bright big feathers).

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Intraspecific

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Variation within a species.

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Interspecific

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Variation including additional aspects seen between two species.

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Paleospecies

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Species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a long time span.

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Genus

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A group of closely related species.

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Ecological niche

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Position of a species within its physical and biological environments.

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Mineralization

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Process in which parts of animals or plants become transformed into stone like structures.

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Taphonomy

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Study of how other bones and other materials come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils.

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Geological time scale

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Org. of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs.

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Heterodont

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Having different kinds of teeth, characteristic of mammals.

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Adaptive radiation

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Relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches.

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Primates

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Members of the mammalian order Primates includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Anthropoids

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Members of primate infraorder Anthropoidea: generally includes monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Omnivorous

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Having a diet consisting of many food types.

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Diurnal

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Active during the day.

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Nocturnal

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Active during the night.

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Stereoscopic vision

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The condition whereby visual images are superimposed; partly a function of structures in the brain. Provides for depth perception.

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Binocular vision

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Vision characterized by overlapping visual fields provided by forward facing eyes. Essential to depth perception.

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Hemispheres

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Two halves of the cerebrum connected by a dense mass of fibers.

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Olfaction

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Sense of smell.

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Neocortex

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More recently evolved portion of the brain that is involved in high mental functions and composed of areas the intergrate incoming information from different sensory organs.

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Sensory modalities

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Different forms of sensation (touch, pressure, cold, taste, hearing, smell, etc)

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Adaptive niche

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An org. entire way of life: where it lives, what it eats, how it avoids predation, and so on.

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Dental formula

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Numberical device indicating number of teeth on each side of upper and lower jaws. (Anthropoids 2-1-2-3)

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Cusps

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Bumps on chewing surface of molars and premolars.

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Quadrupedal

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Using all 4 limbs for locomotion: basic mammalian form of mvmt.

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Brachiation

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Arm swinging, mvmt used by some primates, hanging and swinging from branch to branch with alternating arms.

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Strepsirhini

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Primate suborder w lemurs and lorises.

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Haplorhini

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Suborder w tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Rhinarium

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Moist hairless pad at the end of the nose of most mammals. (Wet dog nose) Enhances ability to smell.

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Cercopithecidae

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Old world monkey's taxomic family, mass.

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Cercopithecines

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More generalized group of Old World Monkeys. Omniv, includes baboons and macaques.

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Colobines

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More specialized group of Old World Monkeys. Eat only leaves (mainly) includes colobus monkeys.

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Ischial Callosities

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Patches of tough hard skin on buttocks of Old World monkeys.

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Hominoids

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Members of primate superfamily (Hominoidea) that include apes and humans.

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Territorial

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Protection of all or part of an area by a group of animals. Can range from scent marking to full on attacks to outsiders.

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Frugivorous

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Diet mainly of fruit.

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Natal group

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Group in which an animal is born and raised.

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Intelligence

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Mental capacity: ability to learn, reason, or comprehend and interpret information.

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Behavior

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Anything org. does as a response to internal or external stimuli; the resp of an indv, group, or species to its environment.

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Ecological

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Relationship btwn org and all aspects of the EVR.

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Behavioral ecology

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Study of evo. of behavior, emph role of eco. factors as an agent of natural selec.

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Social Structure

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Composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals.

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Matrilines

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Groups that consist of a female, her daughters, and their offspring. Common in macaques.

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Life history traits

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Characteristics and traits that infl. reproductive rates, such as longevity, length of time btwn births, etc.

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Dominance hierarchies

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Syst of social orgz where indvs are ranked relative to one another with higher ranks have better access to food and mating partners. "Pecking orders"

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Communication

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Any act that conveys info, in the form of a msg, to another indv. May not always be deliberate.

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Autonomic

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Physiologial rsp not under voluntary control. (Humans: blushing)

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Grooming

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Picking thru fur to remove dirt and parasites. Social grooming common in primates- reinforce social rltns.

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Displays

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Repetious sequences of behaviors to comm. an emotional state. (Gorillas chest slapping when threatened)

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Affiliative

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Amicable assoc. btwn indvs, such as social grooming.

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Intragroup

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Within the group

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Territories

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Portions of a group's home range, actively defended against intrusion.

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Core area

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Portion of home range w highest concen. of food and water. Defended.

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Empathy

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Ability to ID w feelings and thoughts of another indv.

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Altruism

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Behavior that benefits another indv at some potent risk or cost to oneself

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Reprod Strategies

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Behaviors favored by nat selec to increase an indv reprod success. Do not need to be deliberate.

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K-selected

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Adaptive strat where few #s of offspring produced resulting in increased parental care. (Gorilla)

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r-selected

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Adapt strat where large #s of offspring produced w reduced parental care (Sea turtles)

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Sexual selection

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Nat selec that operates on only one sex w/i a species. Result of compt for mates: can lead to sexual dimorphism.

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Polygynous

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Mating syst in which both sexes mate w more than one indv.

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Polyandry

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Mating syst where female has more than one male partner. (Marmosets, tamarins).

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Anthropocentric

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Viewing nonhuman org in terms of human exp and capabilities. Emphasizes impt of humans over all else (neg connotation).

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Language

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Stand syst of vocal sounds, written symbols, and gestures used in comm.