Essentials Of Exercise Science

Front 1

Anterior

Back 1

Towards the front

Front 2

Superficial

Back 2

External: located close to or on the surface.

Front 3

Superior

Back 3

Toward the head.

Front 4

Proximal

Back 4

toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the stucture, or midline of the body.

Front 5

Medial

Back 5

Toward the midline of the body.

Front 6

Frontal Plane

Back 6

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Front 7

Sagittal Plane

Back 7

Divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections.

Front 8

Transverse Plane

Back 8

Divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections.

Front 9

Aside from distributing oxygen and nutrients to the cells, list the other major functions of the cardiovascular system.

Back 9

Also removes wast, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products. Temperature regulation and acid base balance. Carrying hormones, plasma proteins, food materials and gasses through out the body.

Front 10

Chronological order of blood flow beginning with blood entering through the superior and inferior vena cava

Back 10

Superior vena cava & Inferior vena cave, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, rt & left pulmonary arteries, to lungs back to heart via pulmonary veins, left atrium, aortic valve, left ventricle, interventricular septum.

Front 11

List the process of oxygen delivery to the capillaries of the llungs in order, beginning as oxygen is taken into the mouth and nose.

Back 11

Trhough the pharynx, through the larynx, through the trachea, through the primary bronchi, through the secondary bronchi, through the bronchioles, through the alveoli, gas exchange in the lungs..

Front 12

What does the Central Nervous System or CNS consist of?

Back 12

Consist of the brain and spinal cord or skull and vertibral column.

Front 13

What is teh Peripheral Nervous System or PNS composed of?

Back 13

Composed of all the nervous stuctures located outside the CNS (e.g. nerves & ganglia)

Front 14

Axial skeleton

Back 14

Bones of the head, neck & trunk = 74 or 80 bones, (conflicting statements in book)

Front 15

Appendicular skeleton

Back 15

The remaining 126 bones of the body. The upper and lower extremeties, pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle.

Front 16

Formed elements

Back 16

formed elements are the red & white cells or platelets found in the fluid part of the blood.

Front 17

Plasma

Back 17

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.

Front 18

Skeletal muscle

Back 18

Considered voluntary muscle, striated appearance.

Front 19

Cardiac and visceral muscles

Back 19

smooth and are considered involuntary.

Front 20

Arteries

Back 20

Carry oxygenated blood away frm the heart to the organs and extremeties.

Front 21

Veins

Back 21

Carry de-oxygenated blood toward the heart from the organs and veins.

Front 22

Synovial

Back 22

Moves freely.

Front 23

Cartilaginous

Back 23

Connects bone with cartilage, allows little or no movement.

Front 24

Fibrous

Back 24

Connects bones with fiberous connective tissue, allowing for little or no movement

Front 25

What are the 3 catagories of joints?

Back 25

Synovial, cartilanginous and fibrous.

Front 26

Thumb - name the type of joint and movements of that joint.

Back 26

Synovial-Flexsion & exension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and opposition.

Front 27

Hip - name the type of joint and movements of that joint.

Back 27

Synovial-Flexion & extension, abduction and adduction, internal and external rotation.

Front 28

Knee - name the type of joint and movements of that joint.

Back 28

Synovial (modified hinge) flexion & extension, internal & external rotation.

Front 29

Elbow - name the type of joint and movements of that joint

Back 29

Synovial (hinge) flexsion and extension.

Front 30

Hand- name the type of joint and movements of that joint.

Back 30

Synovial (condyloid) extentions, flexion, adduction, abduction and circumduction.

Front 31

Name the three forms of. connective tissue related most to the practical application of personal training.

Back 31

tendons, ligaments & fascia

Front 32

What is the primary function of a TENDON, and what % of resistance of movement is contributed by them?

Back 32

Primary function is to transmit force from muscle to bone thereby producing motion. When stretched within a certain range, tendons will return to the original length. Contributes to 10% of resistance experienced during joint movement.

Front 33

Name the primary functions of ligaments and % of resistance to movement.

Back 33

Primary function is to support a joint by attaching bone to bone. Pliant and flexible, allowing freedom of movement, but also strong. Wont yield to applied forces. 47% of total resistance to movement.

Front 34

What is FASCIA and what is its primary function? What is its % of resistance of movement?

Back 34

Fibrous connective tissues, provides framework for proper alignment of muscle fiber, blood vessels and nerves. Enable safe transmission of forces throughout the whole muscle & lubrication to muscles allowing them to change shape during contraction and elongation. 41% of total resistance to joint range of motion.

Front 35

Explain how AGE contributes to or affects flexibility.

Back 35

Brings about a decrease in normal muscle function including strength, endurance, flexibility and agility. Partially due to inactivity, disease or injury. Also atrophy or wasting away of muscle tissue. Water content of soft tissue diminishes and appears to be parially responsible for flexibility loss.

Front 36

Explain how GENDER contributes to or affects flexibility.

Back 36

In general females are more flexible than men due to the pelvic regions (mens are heavier and rougher) women have broader and shallower hips, allowing for greater range of motion. Lower center of gravity and shorter leg length also contribute to womens grater range of motion.

Front 37

Explain how PAST INJURY contributes to or affects flexibility of joints.

Back 37

Joint injuries may have excess calcium in the joint space causing the joint to lose its ability to fully extend. Skin injuries over a joint may effect ROM too due to scar tissue and its lack of elasticity, not allowing skin stretch for full ROM for the joint.

Front 38

Explain how TISSUE TEMPERATURE contributes to or affects flexibility.

Back 38

Increasing temperature enhances the ability of collogen and elastin components within the musculotendinous unit to deform and the ability of GTO's to reflexively relax through autogenic inhibition.

Front 39

Explain how CIRCADIAN VARIATIONS contributes to or affects flexibility.

Back 39

Refers to time period of approximately 24 hours. There are certain times of the day when we are more flexible (ex we are typically more flexible in the afternoon.)

Front 40

Explain the dangers of working past the burning feeling that results when muscles are heavily exercised or in a stage of fatigue

Back 40

The "burning" feeling is a feedback mechanism that warns the body of possible injury if the current activity level is not reduced. It is the bodys way of saying "slow down"

Front 41

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius and medialis.

Back 41

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during a leg extension at the knee?

Front 42

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi.

Back 42

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during Adduction at the shoulder?

Front 43

External and internal obliques and rectus abdominis.

Back 43

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during Lateral flexion at the trunk?

Front 44

Peroneus brevis and longus, posterior tibialis, gastrocnemius and soleus

Back 44

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during Plantarflexion at the ankle?

Front 45

Biceps brachii, brachioradialis, brachialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres.

Back 45

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during Flexion at the elbow.

Front 46

Rhomboid major and minor and trapezius.

Back 46

What are the primary muscles or muscle groups utilized during Adduction of the scapula.

Front 47

The forward-backward movements of the arms and legs during walking occur in which plane of movement?

Back 47

Saggital plane

Front 48

Which type of muscle fiber is MOST highly adaptable to different training stimuli, making it able to increase oxidative capacities or increase force production and speed?

Back 48

Type ll a.

Front 49

Which muscles are prime movers for the shoulder joint adduction performed during a wide grip pull up?

Back 49

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi.

Front 50

How does the pancreas help regulate blood glucose levels?

Back 50

It secretes glucogon to increase blood glucose levels and insulin to increase glucose uptake by the cells.