Essentials Of Comparative Politics-O'neil (Iv)

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An ideology that seeks to create human equality by eliminating private property and market forces

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Communism

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The value invested in any human-made good that can be used by another individual (Marx)

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Surplus value of labor

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The economic system of a society, made up of technology (the means of production) and class relations between people (the relations of production) (Marx)

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Base

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All noneconomic relations in a society (Marx)

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Superstructure

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Failure to understand the nature of one's exploitation (Marx)

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False Consciousness

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The working class (Marx)

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Proletariat

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The property-owning class (Marx)

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Bourgeoisie

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According to Marxism, the final stage of history once capitalism is overthrown and the dictatorship of proletariat destroys its remaining vestiges

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Communism

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Lenin's argument that an elite communist party would have to carry out revolution, because as a result of false consciousness, historical conditions would not automatically lead to capitalism's demise

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Vanguard of Proletariat

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(1818-1883) First philosopher to systematically construct a theory explaining why capitalism would fail and be replaced by communism; father of modern communist thought

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Karl Marx

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(1870-1924) Applied Marxist thought to Russia, leading successful revolution in 1917; modified Marxist ideas by arguing that revolution would occur not in most developed societies, but rather in struggling countries such as Russia

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Lenin

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(1879-1953) Succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union; embarked on rapid industrialization of the country, modifying Marxism to argue that socialism could be built in a single country

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Stalin

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(1883-1976) Led Chinese Communist Party and fought against Chinese rivals and Japanese occupiers during World War II; modified communism to focus on peasantry instead of working class, given primarily agrarian nature of China; unleashed Cultural Revolution in 1966 to weaken party and increase his own power

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Mao Zedong

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(1926- ) Led Cuban revolution in 1959 and defended the communist system against anticommunist forces and U.S. opposition; continues to defend Cuban socialism in spite of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other communist regimes in Eastern Europe

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Fidel Castro

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Fought with Mao Zedogn against Chinese nationalists and Japanese invaders during WWII; named general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 1956; stripped of all posts during the Cultural Revolution, but emerged as country's leader after death of Mao; pursued economic liberalization in 1980's and supported repression of Tiananmen Square protests

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Deng Xiaoping

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Made general secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union in 1985; initiated twin policies of perestroika (economic restructuring) and glasnost (political liberalization), which eventually led to increasing to increasing discord within the country and a failed coup attempt by hard-line communists who opposed further reform; the resulting dissolution of the Soviet Union left Gorbachev without a country to lead

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party

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nomenklatura

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The top policy-making and executive body of a communist body

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Politburo

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The legislature-like body of a communist party

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Central Committee

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A political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the state, bypassing government structures

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party-state

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A communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planing what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of goods, and where they should be sold.

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central planning

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Literally, openness. The policy of political liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's

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Glasnost

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Literally, restructuring. The policy of political and economic liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's

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Perestroika

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The creation of the market forces of supply and demand in a country

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marketization

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The transfer of state-owned property to private ownership

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privatization

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A process of rapid marketization

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shock therapy