Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epidemiology - Dr. Craig Ririe
|
|
|
What is epidemiology?
|
Studying the distribution of disease in human populations and the factors that influnce the distribution
|
|
What is (probably) the most successful public health intervention?
|
Fluoridation of water to prevent caries
|
|
Why do epidemiological studies matter so much to periodontists?
|
Because it is an evidence-based practice
|
|
Define prevalence. How is it calculated?
|
The percentage of people in a population who have disease at a given point in time. # of people with the disease / # of people in the population
|
|
Define incidence. How is it calculated?
|
The average percentage of unaffected people who will develop disease during a specific period of time, or the measure of how much new disease there is. # of new cases / # of persons at risk when the study began
|
|
Prevalence or incidence: Tells the risk/probability that a person will become a new case.
|
Incidence
|
|
Name the two overall types of studies done for prevalence or incidence.
|
1 - Observational 2 - Experimental
|
|
Name the three types of observational studies.
|
1 - Cross-sectional 2- Cohort 3- Case-control
|
|
Most epidemiological studies are (observational/experimental).
|
Observational
|
|
Name the most common type of experimental study.
|
Drug trials
|
|
What are two synonyms for Cross-sectional studies?
|
1 Disease freqency studies 2 Prevalence studies
|
|
If a cross-sectional study is repeated at regular intervals, what are two advantages?
|
1 Gives information on trends in disease over time 2 Shows effectiveness of prevention/treatment programs
|
|
Name two reasons why cross-sectional studies are better than cohort or case-control studies.
|
1. Cheaper 2. Quicker to conduct
|
|
What does a cohort study reveal about a population?
|
Whether an exposure or characteristic is associated with development of disease
|
|
What kind of study starts off with all subjects free of disease?
|
Cohort study
|
|
Name 2 disadvantages to cohort studies.
|
1 Requires long observation periods 2 Expensive
|
|
What kind of study starts off with 2 groups; patients with or patients without disease?
|
Case-control study
|
|
Name 2 disadvantages to case-control studies.
|
1 Can't determine prevalence 2 Can't determine incidence
|
|
If you want to calculate prevalence, what type of study should you do?
|
Cross-sectional study
|
|
If you want to calculate incidence, what type of study should you do?
|
Cohort study
|
|
If you want to study association between exposure and disease, what type of study should you do?
|
Case-control study
|
|
Sensitivity or Specificity: The percentage of people who have the disease who test positive.
|
Sensitivity
|
|
Sensitivity or Specificity: The percentage of people who don't have the disease who test negative.
|
Specificity
|
|
Define risk. Define risk factor.
|
Risk = The likelihood that a patient will get a disease in a specific time period. Risk factor = Characteristics that place a patient at risk for getting a disease
|
|
What are three ways for exposure to occur?
|
1 Single point in time 2 Episodic 3 Continuous
|
|
If you eliminate a risk factor, does it prevent new disease? Does it get rid of existing disease?
|
Prevents - yes. Eliminates - no.
|
|
Name 2 true risk factors for periodontal disease.
|
1 Smoking 2 Diabetes
|
|
Once a patient has periodontal disease, what are two things we must do?
|
1 Reduce risk at healthy sites 2 Increase risk for positive prognosis in diseased sites
|
|
What are 2 different definitions of gingivitis?
|
1 Inflammation on teeth with no attachment loss 2 Inflammation on tooth with healthy, stable, non-progressing attachment loss
|
|
What is gingival index used for?
|
It's used to quantify amount and severity of disease in individuals/populations, over time
|
|
What does a gingival index compare: Prevalence or incidence?
|
Prevalence
|
|
Name 4 features of an "ideal index".
|
1 Quick to use 2 Accurate 3 Reproducible 4 Quantitative
|
|
Gingival index is (subjective/objective). Gingival bleeding index is (subjective/objective) for diagnosing inflammation.
|
Gingival index: Subjective… Gingival bleeding index: objective.
|
|
What happens first in gingiva: bleeding or color change?
|
Bleeding always occurs first!
|
|
Describe how you differentiate gingivitis from periodontitis using bleeding index.
|
Gingivitis: Drag a perio probe (2 mm) through each sulcus, wait a few seconds, then note bleeding…. Periodontitis: Base of pocket, then note bleeding
|
|
What is the direct cause of gingivitis (that all studies have shown)?
|
Bacterial plaque
|
|
When and who performed the "classic" experimental gingivitis study?
|
1965 - Loe
|
|
Why have there been no experimental studies on chronic periodontitis?
|
Because it is an irreversible destruction of the connective tissue
|
|
Maxillary _________ and mandibular __________ have the most attachment loss of any tooth.
|
MOST: Maxillary molars, mandibular incisors
|
|
Maxillary _________ have the least attachment loss of any tooth.
|
LEAST: Maxillary incisors
|
|
T/F: Increased pocket depth correlates with age.
|
False! It does not!
|
|
Periodontitis becomes clinically significant after age ____.
|
30
|
|
According to the 'new paradigm' for the etiology of periodontitis, what determines the clinical extent and severity of the disease?
|
Host inflammatory response
|
|
Smokers are ____ times as likely to develop severe periodontitis than non-smokers.
|
5
|
|
What is the most important host factor for developing periodontitis?
|
Cigarette smoking
|
|
What ist he most important predictor for periodontitis?
|
Oral hygiene
|
|
Periodontitis is (more severe with/not affected by) the following risk factors: Low socioeconomic/educational status; osteoporosis; HIV/AIDS; infrequent dental visits.
|
Low socioeconomic/educational status - more severe; osteoporosis - not affected; HIV/AIDS - not affected; infrequent dental visits - not affected by.
|
|
Periodontitis is (more severe with/not affected by) the following risk factors: bacteria; bleeding on probing; previous periodontal disease; genetic factors; stress.
|
bacteria - more severe; bleeding on probing - more severe; previous periodontal disease - more severe; genetic factors - more severe; stress - more severe.
|
|
Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy - Dr. Juliana Carvalho
|
|
|
What is Scaling? What is Root planing?
|
Scaling = Removing calculus, food, plaque on enamel AND cementum. Root planing = Removing calculus and contaminated cementum ONLY on root
|
|
With scaling and root planing, the oral flora shifts from Gram (-/+) to Gram (-/+) aerobes.
|
From gram - to Gram +
|
|
Name the three classes of bacteria that are bad for oral health.
|
1 Motile rods 2 spirochetes 3 Any black pigmented bacteria
|
|
What researchers' study had 3 periodontists scale/cavitron, and found that deep pockets were affected much more than shallow pockets (even had destroyed periodontal fibers)?
|
Sherman
|
|
What were the results of Sherman's study?
|
Deeper pockets gained attachment with 3 SRP & Cavitrons, but shallow pockets had no change, or even lost attachment
|
|
What researchers' study compared open (surgical) to closed (non-surgical) treatment and found that in deeper pockets, less calculus was left but there was no difference for shallow pockets?
|
Buchanan
|
|
What were the results of Buchanan's study?
|
Surgical calculus removal has no affect on pockets less than 6 mm, but there is significant change for deeper pockets when surgical SRP is done
|
|
What very important study compared different SRP techniques on furcations?
|
Matia
|
|
What were the results of Matia's study?
|
Ultrasonics must be used on furcations because the tip is smaller! Also, surgical is more effective
|
|
How many days does it take, after SRP, to get bacteria to levels of health?
|
3!
|
|
If maintenance of plaque control is absent, it takes __ to ___ weeks to repopulate the pocket with bad bacteria.
|
4-8 weeks
|
|
What researchers' study found that SRP was equally effective as surgical therapy?
|
Lindhe and Nyman
|
|
What researchers' study found that at pocket depths greater than 7 mm, there was no difference between surgical and non-surgical treatment?
|
Ramfjord
|
|
What researchers' study found that RP, and surgical procedures produced similar gains in pockets greater than 7 mm?
|
Kaldahl
|
|
What is substantivity?
|
The ability of an agent to bind to tissue surfaces and be released over time
|
|
What item in dentistry has high substantivity?
|
Chlorhexidine
|
|
Chapters 41 and 42
|
|
|
Why are gracey curettes the best for subgingival SRP?
|
They provide the best adaptation to root anatomy
|
|
What kind of fulcrum is best for using the Gracey 11-12?
|
Extraoral or opposite arch
|
|
Ultrasonics vibrate between __,000 and __,000 cycles/second.
|
20-45,000
|
|
The ideal angle between the face of the blade and the lateral surface of any curette is __ to ___ degrees.
|
70-80
|