Essentails Of Bio: Photosynthesis

Front 1

For chloroplast to produce sugar from carbon dioxide in the dark the woud need an artifial supply of ____ and___

Back 1

Atp and Nadph

Front 2

What are the primary inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle?

Back 2

Inputs: Co2, Atp, and Natph
Output: glusclose

Front 3

Why is water required as a reactant in photosynthesis?

Back 3

It is the splitting of water that proivdes electrons for converting CO2 to sugar

Front 4

What is the function of Nadph in the calvin cycle?

Back 4

It provides the high energy electrons for the reduction of Co2 toform sugar.

Front 5

The light reactions take place in the region of the chloroplast called the ___ while the calvin cycle takes place in the _____

Back 5

thylakoids;stroma

Front 6

What are inputs to photosynthesis. what are ouputs?

Back 6

Inputs:Co2, H2O, and Light
Outputs: O2, and sugar

Front 7

What color of light is the least effective in driving photosynthesis? why?

Back 7

Green light is reflected by leaves no absorbed, therefore can not drive photosynthesis

Front 8

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules they lose electrons, which are ultimatly replaced by splitting a molecule of what?

Back 8

H2O

Front 9

ATP and Nadph are produced by reactions that take place in the ___ and are consumed by reactions in the ___

Back 9

Thylakoids:stroma

Front 10

The reactions of the calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light and yet they usually do not occur at night,why?

Back 10

Requires the output of the light, atp and nadph to proceed

Front 11

How are monocots and dicots different in terms of their see leaves? Roots? Flower petals?

Back 11

A monocot embryo has a single seed leaf (cotyledon) while a dicot embryo ha two. Monocots have fibrous roots and from a wide mat, while dicots have a vertical taproot. The flower petals of monocots usualy come in multiples of three, while dicots come in multiples of 4 or 5

Front 12

Which of the following cell types gives us the potential to give rise to all the other: collenchyma, sclerenchyma, parenchyma, water conducting cell?

Back 12

Parenchyma

Front 13

The tissue system that covers and protects the plant is called the ___ tissue system, while the ___ tissue system is the main site of photosynthesis.

Back 13

Dermal:ground

Front 14

Many plant species can reproduce both sexually and asecually. Which mode of reproduction would generally be more advantages in a location where the compostiion of the soil is changing. why?

Back 14

Sexual, because it generates genetic variation among the offspring enhancing the potential for adaptation to a changing environment.

Front 15

Pollen develops in the ____ of the male organs called____
ovules develop within the ____ of female organs called_____.

Back 15

anthers;stamens
ovaries;carpels

Front 16

The two products of fertilization are the ___ which gives rise to the embryo and the ___ which stores nutrients.

Back 16

Zygote; edosperm

Front 17

What term describes plants that produce flowers only at the end of its second growing season

Back 17

Biennial

Front 18

What 2 basic cellular mechanisms account for primary growth?

Back 18

cell division and cell lengthening

Front 19

What type of cell tissue makes up wood? what about bark?

Back 19

Secondary xylem: all tissues exteriior to the vascular cambium
Secondary phloem , cork cambium and cork

Front 20

What is the primary role of roots? shoots?

Back 20

anchors, absorbs nutrients, and stores food

Photosynthesis center, transport, reproduction, hormone production

Front 21

How can you tell if i plant is a monocot of a dicot?

Back 21

Number of seed leaves, shape of its root system, number of petals in its flowers, arrangement of vascular bundles in its stem

Front 22

A pea bod is formed from a ___. A pea inside the pod is formed from a ____

Back 22

ovary, ovule

Front 23

What are these structures funcitons
Pollen grian..
ovule..
anther..
ovary..
sepal..
petal

Back 23

pollen grain produces sperm
ovule Develops into seend
anther produces pollen
ovary contains ovules
sepal protects and unopened flower
petal attracts pollinators

Front 24

What part of the plant are you eating when you consume a; tomatoe, celery stalk, pea, lettuce, beet

Back 24

Fruit (ripened ovary) , leaf stalk, fruit, leaf, root

Front 25

Name three kinds of asecual reproduction found in plants.

Back 25

bulbs, root sprouts, and runners

Front 26

In angiosperms each pollen grain produces two sperm. what do they do?

Back 26

one fertilizes an egg while and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food.

Front 27

In the angiosperm life cycle what is directly dependent on meiosis?

Back 27

production of spores.

Front 28

What is the closest to the center of a woody stem? the furthest?

Back 28

primary xylem, cork cambium

Front 29

Plants require nutrients which they acquire from the atmospher in the form of _____ and from the soil in the form of ____ and _____

Back 29

carbon dioxide; water; minerals

Front 30

What is the most common nutrient deficiency in plants?

Back 30

Nitrogen deficiency

Front 31

What are mycorrhizae?

Back 31

symbiotic associations of roots and fungi

Front 32

Why would a pollutant that kills soil bacteria result in nitrogen deficiency in plants?

Back 32

Because certain soil bacteria make nitrogen available to plants in forms they can use.

Front 33

Contrast cohesion and adhesion and describe the role of each in the ascent of xylem sap..

Back 33

Cohesion is the sticking together of identical molecules- water molecules in the case of xylem sap. Adhesion is the sticking together of different kinds of molecules, as in the adhesion of water to the cellulose of xylem walls. Cohesion enables tranpiration to pull xylem sap up without the water in the vessels seperating; adhesive helps to support xylem sap against teh downward pull of gravity

Front 34

The status of axillary buds-dormant or growing- depends on the relative concentrations of ____ moving down from the shoot tip and _____ moving up from the roots.

Back 34

auxin; cytokenins

Front 35

Which two hormones regulate seed dormancy and germination? what are their opposing effects?

Back 35

Abscisic acidmantains seed dormnancy; gibberellins promote germination.

Front 36

Gravitropism

Back 36

a plant can tell which way is up

Front 37

Thigmotropism

Back 37

can respond to touch, using objects as support

Front 38

Tropoisms

Back 38

grow towards or away from stimulus

Front 39

Auxin

Back 39

produced in the apical meristems at the tips of shoots. stimulates or inhibits the elongation of shoots and roots

Front 40

Ethylene

Back 40

as fruit ages it gives off ethylene gas, fruit growers use it to control ripening. causes loss of leaves

Front 41

Cytokinins

Back 41

produced by growing roots, embryos, and fruits. hormones that promote cell division. ratio from auxin to cyto helps coordinate growth of roots and shoots

Front 42

gibberellins

Back 42

Stimulate the elongation of stems and leaves and he development of fruits. can induce some plants to develop seedless fruits without fertilization.

Front 43

Ploem sap

Back 43

a solution of mostly water and sucrose, is transported from sites of sugar production to other parts of the plant.

Front 44

Xylem sap

Back 44

a solution of mostly water and inorganic ions, is transported from roots to the rest of the plant body

Front 45

Auxin causes a shoot to bend toward light by

Back 45

stimulating growth on the dark side of the shoot.

Front 46

bud and sprouts often form on tree stumps due to the action of the hormome _____

Back 46

cytokinins

Front 47

What embryonic stage is common to the development of all animals?

Back 47

Blastula

Front 48

What is metamorphosis?

Back 48

the transformation from a larval form of an animal to an adult form

Front 49

In key features of embryonic development, humans and other chordates are most like which other animal group?

Back 49

Echinoderms

Front 50

What mode of heterotrophic nutrition distinguishes animals from fungi, which are also heterotrophs?

Back 50

ingestion

Front 51

Why is animal evolution during the early cambrian referred to as an "explosion"?

Back 51

Because a great diversity of animals evolved in a relatively short time span.

Front 52

A round pizza is to ____ symmetry as a fork is to ___ symmetry

Back 52

radial;bilateral

Front 53

As representatives of classes of mollusks, a garden snail is an example of a ____; a clam is a_____; and a squid is a_____

Back 53

gastropod; bivalve; cephalopod

Front 54

The phylum arthropoda is named for its members' _____

Back 54

jointed appendages

Front 55

Which major arthropod group is mainly aquatic?

Back 55

crustaceans

Front 56

contrast teh skeleton of an echinoderm wiht that of an arthropod

Back 56

AN echinoderm has an endoskeleon; an arthropod has an exoskeleton

Front 57

What four features do we share with invertebrate chordates such as lancelots?

Back 57

1. dorsal, hollow nerve chord
2. notochord
3. gill structures at some time during development.
4. post-anal tail at some time during development.

Front 58

what features of our skeleton is an example of segmentation?

Back 58

vertebrae of our backboe

Front 59

A shark as a _____ skeleton while a tuna has a ____ skeleton.

Back 59

cartilaginous; bony

Front 60

The oldest class of tetrapods are the ____

Back 60

amphibians

Front 61

What is an amniotic egg?

Back 61

A shelled egg with the embryo contained in a fluid filled sac.

Front 62

Birds and reptiles differ in their main source of body heat, with birds being ____ and reptiles being _____

Back 62

endotherms; ectotherms

Front 63

What are two main hallmarks of mammals?

Back 63

Hair and mammary glands.

Front 64

To which mammalian order do we belong? what are the two main subgroups of this order?

Back 64

Primates; prosimians and anthropoids

Front 65

How many hominid species existed 1.7 million years ago?

Back 65

Four

Front 66

Humans first evolved on what continent

Back 66

africa

Front 67

Why is homo habilis known as "handy man"

Back 67

because it was the earliest hominid that definitely created and used stone tools

Front 68

Lucy belonged to what species?

Back 68

Australopithecus afarensis

Front 69

What is an animal?

Back 69

eukaryotics, multicellular, heterotrophic , sexual reproduction, no cell wall, motile, nervous system

Front 70

Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with

Back 70

motility and active predation and escape

Front 71

Which of the following categories include all others in the list: arthropod, arachnid, insect, butterfly, crustacen, millipede.

Back 71

Arthropod

Front 72

Reptiles are much more extensively adapted to life on land than amphibians in that reptiles;

Back 72

lay eggs that are enclosed in shells

Front 73

What is the name of the phylum to which humans belong? for what anatomical structure is the phylum named? where in your body is this anatomical structure found?

Back 73

Chordata; notochord; cartilage disks between your vertebrates

Front 74

The two major groups of primates are _____ and ____. give example of each

Back 74

Prosimians;lemurs, lorises, pottos, tarsiers
Anthropods; apes, baboons, new world monkeys, gorillas

Front 75

Fossils suggest that the first major trait distinguishing human primates from other primates was

Back 75

bipedalism

Front 76

In 1600's ___ experiments showed what

Back 76

von helmont;plant biomass does not come from soil

Front 77

put the following list of species in order from oldest to the most recent; homo erectus, australopithecus species, homo habilis, homo sapiens.

Back 77

Aust, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

Front 78

What are the following animals phylum;
human, leech , sponge, lobster, sea anemone

Back 78

human-chordata
leech-annelida
sponge-porifera
lobster-arthropoda
sea anemone- cnidaria

Front 79

How are light independent and dependent mirror like reactions

Back 79

Light dependent converts sunlight into chemical energy and light independent uses that energy to fix carbon dioxide into gluclose

Front 80

Photosynthesis is drivin by? and takes place where?

Back 80

Red and blue light; chloroplast

Front 81

What produces primary growth and primary xylem and phloem? secondry growht and secondary xylem and phloem?

Back 81

Apical meristem;lateral maristem

Front 82

Important plant nutrients

Back 82

carbon, from atmosphere
phophorus, nitrogen from soil
water

Front 83

Photon

Back 83

electron in the atoms absorbs eneregy
electron will then lose the energy.

Front 84

Light Dependent Reaction

Back 84

antenna complex collects photons
electron absorbs the energy of photon
as energy of elctron falls, energy is captured in ATP an Nadph

Front 85

Light Independent reaction

Back 85

takes place in calvin cycle
this is where carbon dioxide is made into gluclose molecules "carbon fixation"

Front 86

How can you tell the difference between monocots and dicots

Back 86

cotyledons
leaf types
vascular bundles
flower parts

Front 87

what are the 3 types of ground tissue

Back 87

parenchyma-storage of sugars and starch, site of photosyn
collenchyma- thick walled flexible support
sclerenchyma-add support and strenght

Front 88

Four main types of plant

Back 88

Mosses-multicellular; non vascular
Ferns-vascular; no seeds
Gymno sperms- "naked" seeds and pollen
Angiosperms-flowers and seeds

Front 89

Byrophytes

Back 89

non-vascular, no roots has "rhizoidswater moves through by diffusion thus must be close to water and ground requirs it for fertilization so spermies can swim leafy bit of moss is haploid

Front 90

Tracheophytes

Back 90

has true vascular tissue cellulose and support can live far from water then mosses .. still no seeds still need water for sperm

Front 91

Gymnosperms

Back 91

aka conifers or evergreens
has true vascular tissue and true seeds and pollen but no flowers
naked seeds- no fruit to suround it

Front 92

Angiosperms

Back 92

"enclosed seed" The flower appears.

Front 93

Coelum

Back 93

fluid filled cavity between digestive tube and outer body wall.. more advanced if applicable

Front 94

Phylum Porifera

Back 94

-sponges
-ancient and primitive
-glass spicules
-collars trap food

Front 95

Phylum Cnidaria

Back 95

-hydra jelly fish
-no organs or brain
-radial symmetry
-stings prey

Front 96

Phylum Playhelminthes

Back 96

-flukes and tapeworms
-bi lateral symmetry
-true organs
-eyesspots
-lack respitory or circulatory systems

Front 97

Phylum Nematoda

Back 97

-a million in a square meter of soil
-10-20,000 species-estimates of up to 2 million
-no circulatory or respiratory systems
- simplest anmimal wiht complete digestive system

Front 98

Phylum Arthroda

Back 98

-insects, arachnids and crustceans
- ones million- estimates of 9 mil
-firs tanimals to make transition to land (390 mya)
-exoskeleton of chitin

Front 99

3 classes

Back 99

insecta, arachnida, and crustacea

Front 100

Class Insecta

Back 100

850,000 specias (est. 8-9 mill)- 350,000 are beetles
- six legs; to pair of wings
-flight is an enormous advantage

Front 101

Class Arachnidae

Back 101

-spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
- eight legs
- carnivorous
-single lens eye

Front 102

Class crustacea

Back 102

crab, lobster, shrimp crayfish (most aquatic except snowbug)
-chitin exoskeleton

Front 103

gastropoda

Back 103

"stomach foot"
moist environment, some live on land

Front 104

bi-valva

Back 104

filter feeders
eyes and tentacles but no head

Front 105

cephatlopoda

Back 105

biggest invertebrates
fastest
smartest

Front 106

Phylim echinoderms

Back 106

(sand dollars star fish)
-endoskeleton but no vertebrate
-radial symmetry
-predatory
-biig of a puzzle evolutionarily

Front 107

Chordata 7 classes

Back 107

agnatha, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia

Front 108

Class agnatha

Back 108

jawless fishes
-eel like
-cartilaginous skeleton
-some parasitic

Front 109

class chondrichthyes

Back 109

cartilaginous fish
-have jaws sharks skates rays
-no bones

Front 110

Class osteichthyes

Back 110

bony fish
-most diverse and abundant of all vertebrates
-96% of modern fish

Front 111

First vertebrates on land

Back 111

lobe-finned fish 400 mya

Front 112

Class amphibia

Back 112

350 mya
means double life (fish and reptile)
lungs replace gills

Front 113

Class Reptilia

Back 113

arose 320 mya
internal fertilizaiton
sperm transfer on land

Front 114

Permian Era

Back 114

220 mya drier climate reptiles became dominant -dinasaurs

Front 115

Class aves

Back 115

150 mya
common features between birds and reptiles